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Med and Surg June exam > additional questions > Flashcards

additional questions Flashcards

1
Q

which one of the following features is not regarded as a cardinal feature of idiopathic parkinsons?
A. bradykinesia
B. pill rolling is noted at rest particularly during sleep
C. difficulties with balance
D. tremor measured at 4-6 cycles per second

A

B. pill rolling is noted at rest particularly during sleep

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2
Q

which of the following statements regarding prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV is not correct
A. without any intervention up to 30% of offspring will acquire HIV from an infected mother
B. in SA breast feeding is actively discouraged because cessation of breastfeeding will reduce base transmission by 50%
C. transmission is best prevented by the treatment of a positive mother during and after pregnancy and treatment of the neonate postnatally
D. in the absence of maternal treatment, if all exposed infants were delivered by elective c-section the risk of transmission would be reduced to below 10%

A

B. in SA breast feeding is actively discouraged because cessation of breastfeeding will reduce base transmission by 50%

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3
Q 
which one of the following is not regarded as a bodily fluid capable of transmitting HIV
A. CSF
B. urine
C. semen
D. vaginal fluids
A

B. urine

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4
Q

which one of the following statements regarding chronic inflammation is not correct
A. atherosclerosis has a chronic inflammatory component
B. acute inflammation in a prerequisite for chronic inflammation
C. chronic inflammation may be asymptomatic in the early stages
D. TB is typically associated with chronic inflammation

A

B. acute inflammation in a prerequisite for chronic inflammation

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5
Q

which one of the following statements regarding types of stroke is not correct
A. ischemic strokes are preventable ie risk factors are modifiable
B. most ischemic strokes are the result of emboli that arise in the heart
C. atrial fibrillation is a cause of embolic stroke
D. a secondary stroke is one that occurs as a result of vasospasm that follows a hemorrhagic stroke

A

D. a secondary stroke is one that occurs as a result of vasospasm that follows a hemorrhagic stroke

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6
Q

which one of the following statements regarding gait in idiopathic parkinsons is not correct
A. it is described as high stepping gait
B. posture is usually stooped
C. stride is shortened
D. there is decreased arm swing

A

A. it is described as high stepping gait

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7
Q

which of the following statements regarding the typical reduction of CD4 cells in HIV is not correct
A. CD4 cells are destroyed by CD8 cells
B. CD4 cells are destroyed by anti-CD4 IgG
C. CD4 cells are destroyed by natural killer cells
D. CD4 cells are destroyed by apoptosis

A

B. CD4 cells are destroyed by anti-CD4 IgG

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8
Q

which one of the following statements regarding aneurysms is not correct
A. a popliteal artery aneurysms is a potential cause of peripheral limb ischemia
B. the normal infra-renal diameter of the aorta is 2cm
C. aneurysms are defined as a permanent dilation of an artery to >50% of normal diameter
D. in practice an abdominal aortic artery aneurysm is diagnosed when the diameter is >5cm

A

D. in practice an abdominal aortic artery aneurysm is diagnosed when the diameter is >5cm

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9
Q

which one of the following statements regarding the immune response to TB is not correct
A. macrophages are involved in immune control of the disease
B. in TB granulomas typically form as a result of low antigen load and high tissue hypersensitivity
C. T lymphocytes are involved in immune control of the disease
D. antibodies play an important role in host defense against TB

A

D. antibodies play an important role in host defense against TB

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10
Q 
which one of the following latin descriptors is not a typical sign of acute inflammation 
A. dolor 
B. odor 
C. calor
D. rubor
A

B. odor

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11
Q

which one of the following statements regarding people living with HIV infection is not correct
A. the total number of people living with HIV in Africa is very similar to the number of people living with HIV in America
B. in SA the total number of females living with HIV is roughly 1.5 times that of males
C. in SA about one fifth of the population is living with HIV
D. the 90-90-90 target refers to goals for population awareness of HIV status, patients receiving sustained ARVS and patients with durable viral suppression

A

A. the total number of people living with HIV in Africa is very similar to the number of people living with HIV in America

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12
Q

which one of the following is not a goal of HIV treatment
A. restoration or preservation of immune function
B. suppression of viral replication
C. achievement of herd immunity
D. reduction of transmission to others

A

C. achievement of herd immunity

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13
Q 
which one of the following is not a typical sign or symptom of TB
A. night sweats
B. anorexia 
C. enlarged and painful lymph nodes
D. chest pain
A

C. enlarged and painful lymph nodes

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14
Q

which one of the following roles regarding the rolls of neutrophils is not correct
A. phagocytosis involves the ingestion of opsonized microorganisms
B. intracellular killing involves free radicals
C. intracellular killing involves lysosomal enzymes
D. neutrophils release IL-1 and TNF

A

C. intracellular killing involves lysosomal enzymes

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15
Q

which one of the following statements regarding lacunar strokes is not correct
A. atheroma, atherosclerosis and intravascular thrombosis do not feature in the etiology of this type of stroke
B. lacunar strokes are a variant of ischemic stroke
C. walls of the vessel respond to high blood pressure by thickening
D. these are essentially small vessel strokes

A

A. atheroma, atherosclerosis and intravascular thrombosis do not feature in the etiology of this type of stroke

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16
Q

in considering the disorders of growth, which one of the following statements is not correct
A. metaplasia can occur in the respiratory track as a response to smoking
B. metaplasia represents an adaptive response of a tissue to stress
C. metaplasia is the irreversible transformation of one cell type into another
D. metaplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia are all involve abnormal growth and differentiation

A

C. metaplasia is the irreversible transformation of one cell type into another

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17
Q

which one of the following statements regarding parkinsons disease is not correct
A. the majority of cases are familial
B. it is a degenerative disease involving the basal ganglia
C. it is presumed to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors
D. mean age onset of between 50 and 60 years of age

A

A. the majority of cases are familial

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18
Q

which of the following statements regarding the brain areas affected by the stroke is not correct
A. speech is affected if the stroke involves Wernicke’s area
B. cranial nerve dysfunction is common with middle cerebral artery dysfunction
C. watershed strokes are the result of hypo perfusion rather than total ischemia
D. basilar artery strokes affect the brain stem

A

B. cranial nerve dysfunction is common with middle cerebral artery dysfunction

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19
Q

which one of the following statements regarding the etiology of aneurysms is not correct
A. all aneurysms are acquired
B. aneurysms can be the result of trauma
C. aneurysm may follow an infection
D. aneurysms may be the result of vascular degeneration associated with atherosclerosis

A

A. all aneurysms are acquired

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20
Q

which one of the following is not a non-organic cause of FTT
A. wet nursing ie breastfeeding by someone who is not the mother
B. food insecurity and inadequate child nutrition
C. emotional deprivation syndrome
D. family dysfunction and stress

A

A. wet nursing ie breastfeeding by someone who is not the mother

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21
Q

which one of the following would not be a typical prenatal cause of FTT
A. maternal malnutrition
B. maternal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy
C. transmission of a maternal infection to the foetus
D. post maturity

A

D. post maturity

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22
Q

wheezing is a cardinal feature of asthma. which one of the following statements regarding wheezing is not correct
A. wheezing is typically heard during both inspiration and expiration
B. obstruction is below the thoracic inlet
C. wheezing is often associated with allergy
D. the sound is the result of turbulent airflow through the partially obstructed airway

A

A. wheezing is typically heard during both inspiration and expiration

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23
Q 
which of the following would not be likely at the time of presentation 
A. pseudo paralysis
B. cellulitis 
C. fever 
D. reluctance to bear weight
A

B. cellulitis

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24
Q

which one of the following statements regarding pathogenesis of acute osteomyelitis is not correct
A. infection may spread causing abscess or sinus tract
B. rapid circulation and flow of blood in the affected region plays an important role in development of acute osteomyelitis
C. the metaphyseal part of the bone was likely affected in this case
D. there is limited ability to phagocytose organisms in the affected region

A

B. rapid circulation and flow of blood in the affected region plays an important role in development of acute osteomyelitis

25
Q

which one of the following statements regarding the signs of respiratory distress in children is not correct
A. cyanosis is due to inadequate oxygenation of hemoglobin
B. by definition any pediatric patient breathing at a rate of 60 per minute has respiratory distress
C. flaring of the nostrils is an indication of increased central respiratory drive
D. recession may be seen between the ribs, below the rib cage and above the sternum

A

C. flaring of the nostrils is an indication of increased central respiratory drive

26
Q

which one of the following test results would not be likely in acute osteomyelitis
A. low circulating levels of c-reactive proteins
B. normal x-ray during the first week of presentation with the condition
C. high erythrocyte sedimentation rate
D. raised white cell count

A

A. low circulating levels of c-reactive proteins

27
Q

which one of the following statements regarding the managements of asthma is not correct
A. treatment should aim to reduce severe attacks
B. symptom relief is a principle objective
C. because of the potential for mortality, hospital admission is mandatory for all confirmed asthma attacks
D. airway function should be restored to normal or to near as normal or as near as normal as possible

A

C. because of the potential for mortality, hospital admission is mandatory for all confirmed asthma attacks

28
Q 
which one of the following is not indicated for the treatment of asthma 
A. inhaled corticosteroids
B. ipratropium bromide 
C. beta 2 agonist
D. beta blockers
A

D. beta blockers

29
Q

which one of the following statements regarding asthma is not correct
A. airway obstruction in asthma is typically recurrent and reversible
B. the chest x ray shows hyperinflation during and attack
C. symptoms are relieved during sleep and dont occur during the night
D. asthma may impact negatively on daily activities

A

C. symptoms are relieved during sleep and dont occur during the night

30
Q

which of the following statements statements regarding COPD is not correct
A. its is usually not progressive ie once established the condition remains static
B. it is regarded as a preventable condition
C. patients may have difficulty hyperventilating to maintain oxygenation and may present as blue bloaters
D. it is associated with and enhanced chronic inflammatory response to noxious particles and gasses

A

C. patients may have difficulty hyperventilating to maintain oxygenation and may present as blue bloaters

31
Q

which one of the following statements regarding chronic lung disease is not correct
A. emphysema is an example of a restrictive lung disease
B. in obstructive lung disease there is an increase in resistance to airflow due to partial or complete airway obstruction at any level
C. non-neoplastic, non-infectious diffuse disease can be categorized on the basis of lung function tests
D. in restive disease there is reduced lung expansion and decreased lung capacity

A

B. in obstructive lung disease there is an increase in resistance to airflow due to partial or complete airway obstruction at any level

32
Q

does the girl who made the flash cards know her work and are her answers all right
A. no
B. no
C. the answers on the flash cards are the answers from the pictures
D. no

A

C. the answers on the flash cards are the answers from the pictures

33
Q

which of the following statements regarding gastrointestinal TB is not correct
A. the patient may present with bowel obstruction
B. the ileo-caecal junction is the commonest site of bowel involvement
C. in patients with gastro-intestinal TB it is normal to have signs and symptoms of pulmonary TB
D. TB peritonitis causes exudative ascites in which lymphocytes predominate

A

D. TB peritonitis causes exudative ascites in which lymphocytes predominate

34
Q

which of the following statements regarding neoplasia is not correct
A. carcinoma-in-situ is dysplastic change that involves the full thickness of an epithelial tissue
B. a characteristic of neoplasia is the ability toe become autonomous and persist in the absence of normal pathological stimuli
C. all neoplasms have the inherent potential to invade and metastasize
D. neoplasms result from genetic mutations in cells resulting in abnormal and persistent growth

A

C. all neoplasms have the inherent potential to invade and metastasize

35
Q

which of the following statements regarding associations with peripheral arterial disease is not correct
A. in general risks for development of peripheral arterial disease are not related to the risks for development of atherosclerosis
B. dyslipidemia may be a factor
C. c-reactive proteins may be elevated
D. chronic renal failure may be a factor

A

A. in general risks for development of peripheral arterial disease are not related to the risks for development of atherosclerosis

36
Q

which one of the following statements regarding malignant tumors is not correct
A. malignant neoplasms are likely to develop in around 50% of the population
B. cancer accounts for 20% of deaths’ in developed countries
C. malignancy can occur in infants
D. risks of malignancy increases with age

A

A. malignant neoplasms are likely to develop in around 50% of the population

37
Q

which one of the following statements regarding the pathophysiology of stroke is not correct
A. malfunction and death of brain cells are the result of critical hypoglycemia
B. with hemorrhagic stroke, blood breakdown products cause vasospasm of arteries in the vicinity of the stroke
C. with complete interruption of blood flow brain cells start to die after 10-15 minutes
D. malfunction and death of brain cells are the result of critical hypoxia

A

A. malfunction and death of brain cells are the result of critical hypoglycemia

38
Q

which of the following statements regarding the spread of malignant tumours is not correct
A. lung are rarely a site for metastases
B malignant invasion of lymphatic vessels may cause lymphoedema
C. cancer spreads throughout the body through the same route that spreads infections ie blood and lymph
D. any tumor that metastasizes is malignant

A

A. lung are rarely a site for metastases

39
Q

which of the following statements regarding chronic complications of COPD is no correct
A. CVs problems may arise eg CHF
B. superimposed infection is unusual
C. lung cancer may be associated
D. cachexia/wasting syndrome may complicate the disease

A

B. superimposed infection is unusual

40
Q

which of the following statements regarding emphysema is not correct
A. it is defined anatomically by permanent destructive changes to airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles
B. it is characterized by alveolar wall destruction
C. inflammation plays a role
D. there is imbalance in the protease anti-protease system

A

D. there is imbalance in the protease anti-protease system

41
Q

which of the following statements regarding claudication is not correct
A. the underlying pathology involves anaerobic metabolism as a result of tissue ischemia and hypoxia
B. there is local intramuscular acidosis
C. the pain is not relived by resting or stopping the activity
D. pain is the consequence of ischemic neuropathy

A

C. the pain is not relived by resting or stopping the activity

42
Q 
which one of the following is not a clinical consequence of chronic inflammation 
A. anaemia 
B. hypogammaglobulinemia
C. raised c reactive proteins
D. night sweats
A

B. hypogammaglobulinemia

43
Q

which of the following statements regarding scoliosis is not correct
A. by definition the condition can only involve the thoracic spine
B. scoliosis involves lateral deviation of the spinal cord
C. it assumes an s shape or c shape
D. leg length discrepancy can be a cause

A

A. by definition the condition can only involve the thoracic spine

44
Q

which of the following statements regarding electrostimulation therapy is not correct
A. the patient becomes aware of the need to contract the pelvic floor during urgency
B. the treatment increases the strength of pelvic floor muscles
C. the intensity of the electrostimulation must be monitored so as to be below pain threshold
D. detrusor contraction is stimulated

A

B. the treatment increases the strength of pelvic floor muscles

45
Q

which one of the following statements regarding an understanding of Cp is not correct
A. movement and posture are involved
B. CP implies a progressive disorder of the nervous system
C. it is often accompanied by disturbances of cognition
D. epilepsy may be a prominent feature

A

B. CP implies a progressive disorder of the nervous system

46
Q 
which of the following organisms would not be likely in acute osteomyelitis 
A. mycobacterium tuberculosis 
B. staphylococcus 
C. haemophilus influenza 
D. streptococcus
A

A. mycobacterium tuberculosis

47
Q 
which of the following causes of FTT is not associated with increased metabolic demands 
A. hypothyroidism
B. congenital heart disease
C. chronic inflammatory conditions 
D. malignancy
A

B. congenital heart disease

48
Q 
which of the following is not associated with the abnormal absorption of nutrients 
A. diabetes insipidus 
B. hypothyroidism
C. chronic diarrheas'
D. cystic fibrosis
A

D. cystic fibrosis

49
Q

which of the following statements regarding rigidity in idiopathic parkinsons is not correct
A. it is typically described as being clasp knife in nature
B. rigidity is elicited during slow passive movements
C. there is increased tone in both flexor and extensor muscle groups
D. voluntary activity on one side of the body may increase rigidity in the contralateral limb

A

A. it is typically described as being clasp knife in nature

50
Q

which one of the following statements regarding the acquisition of TB is not correct
A. infected children between the ages of 2 and 14 years represent a group has a relatively low chance of developing active TB
B. about 35% of people infected with TB will develop clinical TB within the first two years of infection
C. droplet nuclei are infectious particles that are aerosolized by coughing, talking and sneezing
D. transmission occurs mainly by inhalation of infected particles

A

B. about 35% of people infected with TB will develop clinical TB within the first two years of infection

51
Q

which one of the following statements regarding the dysplasia is not correct
A. it is characterized by cellular atypia and decreased differentiation
B. may be caused by chronic inflammation of irritation of a tissue
C. its is a premalignant condition
D. dysplasia may be reversible in early and late stages

A

D. dysplasia may be reversible in early and late stages

52
Q

which of the following statements regarding acute inflammation is not correct
A. it is associated with decreased fluid in the extravascular space
B. inflammation is closely tied to healing and repair
C. a defining characteristic of acute inflammation is the reaction of blood vessels
D. inflammation is protective mechanism that destroys harmful agents

A

A. it is associated with decreased fluid in the extravascular space

53
Q

which of the following statements regarding TB of the CNS is not correct
A. diagnosis is dependent on lumbar puncture because acid fast TB bacilli are abundant in the CSF
B. it may present with vomiting
C. intracerebral TB vasculitis can lead to stroke
D. mortality from CNS TB is high is young patients under five and adults over 50

A

A. diagnosis is dependent on lumbar puncture because acid fast TB bacilli are abundant in the CSF

54
Q

which ofthe following statements regarding claudication is not correct
A. there is local intramuscular acidosis
B. pain is the consequence of ischemic neuropathy
C. the pain is not relieved by resting or stopping the activity
D. the underlying pathology involves anaerobic metabolism as a result of tissue ischemia and hypoxia

A

C. the pain is not relieved by resting or stopping the activity

55
Q

which one of the following statements regarding the immune response to Tb is not correct
A. macrophages are involved in the immune control of the disease
B. in TB granulomas typically form as a result of a low antigen load and high tissue hypersensitivity
C. T lymphocytes are involved in immune control of the disease
D. antibodies play an important role in host defence against TB

A

D. antibodies play an important role in host defence against TB

56
Q

which one of the following statements regarding airflow limitation in COPD is not correct
A. increased elastic recoil of the airways results in collapse and gas trapping
B. lung parenchymal destruction results in loss of alveolar attachments
C. fibrosis in small airways plays a role
D. luminal plugs complicate the condition

A

A. increased elastic recoil of the airways results in collapse and gas trapping

57
Q 
Parkinson is classified as a movement disorder which one of the following is not categorised as a movement disorder 
A. tremors
B. dystonia 
C. tics
D. tonic clonic seizures
A

D. tonic clonic seizures

58
Q

which of the following statements regarding hypoxic cell injury is not correct
A. intracellular lactic acid levels and ph increase
B. there is failure of the cells energy dependent sodium pump system
C. sodium accumulates within the cells
D. there is failure of aerobic respiration

A

A. intracellular lactic acid levels and ph increase

59
Q

which of the following statements regarding arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and aneurysms is not correct
A. aneurysms are isolated to the circle of willis
B. AVMS may occur throughout the body
C. capillaries normally protect the venules and veins from the higher pressure in the arteries and the artrioles
D. aneurysms of ten have a genetic or familial basis

A

D. aneurysms often have a genetic or familial basis

Med and Surg June exam (2 decks)

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