Adolescence Flashcards

Question

Promotion of Health Behaviours

Answer 1

Messages about health in general directed at adolescents need to take into consideration: * development: cognitive and social * behavioural characteristics * youth culture and trends (coffee, fast food etc.)

Answer 2

**Individual** * biological changes, attitudes, beliefs, preferences, self efficacy **Environment** * Family/home, school, extra-curricular activities, peers, norms **Macrosystems** * Availability, production, distribution, media/advertising, policy

Answer 3

* Eating more meals away from home (schedule, independance) * snacking (ranges 1-7/d; usually higher in fats, sodium and sugar) * Meal Skipping (typically breakfast; decreased nutrient dense meal)

Answer 4

mostly requires improvement or poor quality * non good quality | Based on recommendations in Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide

Answer 5

large percentage below minimum serving of grains in females, not so much males

Answer 6

Large percentage of both below reccomendations * females more than males

Answer 7

large percent below for milk intake * females more than males * Calcium lacking!!

Answer 8

* Habits of parents modelling * Marketing/ advertising * Not cool * Want to do things havent been able to do * Lack of availability and not enough variety at the home or school * Defiance * Dont realize consequences

Answer 9

* unhealthy diet of friends and family * Cheapness and availability of unhealthy foods * Preference of unhealthy foods * Lack of time * Lack of knowledge * Lack of self-regulation; emotional response * Lack of motivation * Risk taking behaviour

Answer 10

Energy needs are higher than that of adults (per kg and absolute) for maintenance, growth and activity and is determined by tanner stage * Estimated energy expenditure: height, weight, age, physical activity level * Low intake: impaired growth and delayed sexual maturation * Excess intake: overweight/obesity

Answer 11

Median intake fibre: below AI boys and girls 14-18yrs | Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2.2 (2004):

Answer 12

* Vitamin D and vitamin A prominently lacking * Ca and Mg lacking * Sodium above upper limit

Answer 13

Peak Ca accretion rate is highest in adolescence * females = 12.5 years * males = 14.0 years 40% of total lifetime bone mass is accumulated during 3-4 years of adolescence * if calcium intake from foods is inadequate, supplementation (Ca + D) during adolescence can increase bone mineral content * the more here, the longer it will take to get to fracture zone in later life

Answer 14

Prevents reaching the disability threshold in later life

Answer 15

Increased demand for rapid rate of growth which includes increased blood volume Highest requirement: * **Males**: Peak growth rate * **Females**: After first menses

Answer 16

DRI: accounts for basal loss, maintenance of stores and growth; blood loss in females * Changers with tanner stage so DRI might depend where you are at in terms of puberty

Answer 17

* Body image play a huge role * not eating at home as often * Skipping breakfast * Advertised diets of restrictions giving misleading information * SEM factors

Answer 18

dieting behavior, disordered eating and clinical eating disorders. Body satisfaction in Canadian Youth * over half didn’t like something about body * Start to go down with age but only slightly * True for both males and females

Answer 19

Body Dissatisfaction ↓ Dieting Behaviors (restrictive behaviours) ↓ Disordered Eating ↓ Clinical Eating Disorders

Answer 20

* Anorexia nervosa (~0.2% to 1% of adolescents) * Bulimia Nervosa (~1% to 2% of adolescents) * Binge-Eating Disorder

Answer 21

Causes multi-factorial, but prevention has to include the promotion of positive body image and self-esteem * Thank about all aspects of food eating behaviour

Answer 22

* includes tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs * for most, experimentation only

Answer 23

nutritional concerns are with chronic or excessive use * appetite suppression and low intake (alcohol replacing nutrition) * decreased nutrient absorption and increased losses * higher requirement of some nutrients * decreased financial resources for foods * Smoking would need more vitamin C

Answer 24

Globally, adolescents 15 to 19 years of age give birth to 16 million babies a year (10% of births) * Canada: 10,600 in 2014 (2.8% of births) * Rate 3x’s higher in low and middle income countries: marriage practices, absence of rights, poverty, low education

Answer 25

Increased risk of poor maternal and fetal/infant outcomes since the female is still growing and still has high demand for nutrients for herself, and then requirement during pregnancy creates compounding situation * mom: maternal mortality, anemia, postpartum weight retention * baby: stillbirth, neonatal mortality, low birthweight, prematurity * low rates of breastfeeding * poor dietary intake (quality, quantity)

Answer 26

Competition between maternal and fetal growth * demands for maternal growth (increased height and weight associated with normal development * demands for pregnancy (maternal and fetal tissues) and lactation | In adolescent the calcium coming from her bone does not not go back on

Answer 27

* Same as for pregnancy and lactation in adulthood but higher energy and some minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron) greater need for nutrition support (consult with dietitian, resources)