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Adolescence Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Adolescence

A

11-18 years

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2
Q

Young Adulthood

A

18-22/25

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3
Q

Erikson stages

A

different from our rankings

adolescence starts at 12-19 (identity vs confusion)

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4
Q

Adolescent period

What does it begin and end with?

A

transition between childhood and adulthood

begins with sexual maturity and ends with cessation of growth

involves physical and psychological development
- physical and sexual maturity
- grow self-consciousness and search for identity
-develop more sophisticated reasoning ability and abstract thinking

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5
Q

Pre-adolescence (and ages)

A

marked by rapid physical growth and development of secondary sex characteristics

females; 8-10 years
males; production of sperm

males; 9-11 years of age

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6
Q

Preadolescence - what characterizes it and what starts/ends it

A

a child’s sexual and physical characteristics mature

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7
Q

Four major changes of puberty

A
  1. development of primary sex characteristics (sex organs)
  2. development of secondary sex characteristics
  3. rapid physical growth - spurt in height and weight IMPORTANT IN PT
  4. changes in body proportions

More susceptible to injury in this phase (hormonal changes)

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8
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

testes and ovaries

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9
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

physical appearance

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10
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

controls onset of puberty

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11
Q

Factors affecting timing of puberty

A

genetics
stress
socioeconomic status
environmental toxins
nutrition and diet and exercise
amount of fat and body weight
chronic illness

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12
Q

Puberty in Female Athletes

A

delayed menarche (first menstruation)

menstrual irregularities
- first ovulatory cycle occurs after menarche
- pubertal maturation; establishment of cyclic function (cycle)
- establishment of successive ovulatory does not occur for months to years after mencarch

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13
Q

Pubertal maturation

A

establishment of cyclic ovarian function

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14
Q

Establishment of successive ovulatory cycles occurs when?

A

not for months to years after menarche (first menstruation) in female athleyes

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15
Q

What is the period with most rapid growth, and what’s the second?

A

Most growth - prenatal period

SECOND - PUBERTY

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16
Q

Where does the growth spurt during puberty begin on the body

A

feet to legs to trunk

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17
Q

Puberty Height Changes

A

boys; 4-12 inches
continue to grow in height up to 18-20 years of age; reach 98% of final height by age 18

girls; 2-8 inches
ceases growth between 16-17 years of age; reach 98% of final height by age 17

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18
Q

Puberty weight changes

A

boys; 15-65 pounds

girls; 15-65 pounds

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19
Q

BMI

A

underweight; < 18.5
healthy weight; 18.8-24.9
overweight; 25-29.9
obese; 30+

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20
Q

BMI for age

A

Underweight: <5%
Healthy weight; 5-85%
Overweight: 85-95%
Obese; 95%+

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21
Q

Puberty changes in body Proportions

A

face - nose reaches adult size first

hands and feet reach adult size before arms and legs

limbs and trunk; LE becomes longer than trunk

BONES OFTEN GROW FASTER THAN MUSCLES LEADING TO MOTOR AWKWARDNESS

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22
Q

Late adolescence changes in body proportions

A

growth slows down

body proportions are similar to those of adults

bones growth stops - permits adolescents to stabilize the organization of different muscular patterns (improved coordination)

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23
Q

When does bone growth stop

A

late adolescence

girls -18
body - 21

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24
Q

skeletal maturity

A

attained when when the epiphyseal plates close

epiphyseal closure is typically complete at age 25

closure begins in childhood (cranial bones fuse at 2, verterebral arches 1st year, lumbar spine 6yrs)

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25
Precautions with skeletal bones
a fracture acorss a growth plate can lead to asymmetrical growth of that joint **The use of ultrasound is contraindicated over epiphyseal areas in children
26
Where does change in height typically stop?
18-20 due to the closure in the growth plates of long bones on average females stop growing around age 13-15 and boys 15-17
27
When is bone immature and what is an indicator that is has matured?
bone is immature through much of adolescence (more porous and thick periosteum, unstable physis/growth plates) indicator of maturation: compare ossification amount on x-ray with standards
28
Muscular system changes
increases muscle size, strength and endurance muscle mass increases first as body grows increase in strength directly related to increases in muscle mass during growth
29
When does muscle diameter reach its adult level
early teens (12-15)
30
When does strength increase? Ages
increases linearly with age from childhood through adolescence (6-18) girls - levels off after 15 boys - accelerates between age 13-20
31
Pulse rate
60-90 beat/min
32
Respiratory rate
16-24 breaths/min
33
Cardiopulmonary changes
has to respond to growth/changes in musculoskeletal increase size of heart and blood volume increase weight and volume of lungs
34
HR and SV during acute exercises
HR higher SV lower
35
Cardiac output in children and teens
higher adjusted for mass
36
Temperature regulation
Produce more metabolic heat/mass unit during physical activities greater surface area-to-body mass ratio lower sweating capacity due to fewer sweat glands
37
Implications of temperature regulation in adolescence?
at high temps - at risk for heat-related injuries at low temps - risk for increased heat loss kids can't tolerate the same heat as adults!
38
FITTVP
F: 3-5 days I: 50-85% of VO2 max, 40-50% in deconditioned people, use RPE T: 30-60 min (if <30, increase frequency) T: play, games, sports, chores, recreation, PE
39
Puberty Psychologically
often becomes negative in their attitudes and interaction; growing self consciousness relates to their changing bodies
40
Social antagonism
(psychological changes with puberty) need for privacy, resent supervision and directions, struggle for independence, wish to be free from restrictions and parental control
41
How do growth spurt changes impact psychosocial elements
growth spurts change self-esteem and peer group status grow self-consciousness
42
What is another major component of psychosocial development in adolescence
search for identity - separation from family develop their own self-concepts; question and test out values and beliefs emotion issues: confusion, depression, discouragement adolescence - identitiy vs confusion (Erikson)
43
Young teens (13-14) Psychosocial development
most self centered, seen from their point of view value peer's opinions with the stereotypical adolescent preoccupations
44
Middle teens (15-16) Psychosocial development
better at compromising, more tolerant of others' view think more independently and make more of their own decision risk-taking behaviors, with a focus on the present and denial of consequence dating begins 15-16
45
Late teens (17-18) Psychosocial development
develop a sense of seriousness ends when they take on adult work roles, marry or become parents
46
What ages are their an increasingly capable of thinking hypothetically, applying formal logic, and using abstract concepts (cognitive development)
11-14 more relative and less absolute more self-reflective capable of considering an extended time perspective
47
Self esteem
initial decline in early adolescence (particularly among girls) small gains during second decade of life
48
What is self esteem affected by?
physical attractiveness, girls acceptance by peers academic competence athletic ability and conduct PEER SUPPORT
49
Depression is the __ leading cause of death
3rd in youths and young adults
50
How many people commit suicide?
5000 young people aged 15-24 commit suicide
51
What masks depression?
anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, hyperactivity
52
Destructive behaviors
disordered eating, self-injurious behaviors, substance abuse
53
What accompanies puberty
sexual arousal
54
How many people have sex by end of high school and how many use condoms? who is at most risk of abuse?
48% have sex end of HS 57% use condoms special needs at higher risk of sexual abuse
55
Why do adolescence have an increased risk for injury as athletes?
sports specialization (neuromuscular control improves when adolescents play multiple sports) rapid growth spurts and change in body proportion = decreased coordination increased training volume
56
RED-S
relative energy deficiency in sport common in adolescent athletes insufficient calorie intake or excessive energy expenditure = inadequate energy to support functions
57
What was RED-S formerly known as?
female athlete triad energy deficiency, low bone mass, menstrual disturbance now includes females and males
58
Who are ACL tears common in?
female athletes or pediatric patients with growth plate fracture ACL resists anterior translation of the tibia
59
What does an ACL tear put someone at risk of?
increased risk of osteoarthritis
60
STNR emerges when? Integrates when?
6 months emerges (think crawling) 9 months integrates
61
When does ATNR develop and integrate?
develops 18 weeks into uteruo (present at birth) diminishes (integrates) 3-6 months after birth
62
Look over LAB sheet for scoliosis, highlighted portions!

Developmental Concepts (5 decks)

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