Adolescence Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Is what developmental period are 12-20 year olds?
A
Adolescence
2
Q
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that program various aspects of puberty, such as growth of body hair, skin changes, and sexual desire.
A
Androgens
3
Q
When is formal operations established?
A
Late adolescence
4
Q
What are the stages of conventional morality?
A
Stage 3: Interpersonal relationships (social norms)
Stage 4: Maintaining social order (law and order morality)
5
Q
Define
Formal operational
A
Jean Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development, reached at around age 12, and characterized by teenagers’ ability to reason at an abstract, scientific level.
6
Q
Jean Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development, reached at around age 12, and characterized by teenagers’ ability to reason at an abstract, scientific level.
A
Formal operational
7
Q
What happens to the brain during puberty?
A
- Oversupply of grey matter that is later pruned
- Contributes to the growing cognitive abilities
- Prefrontal cortex undergoes considerable development
- Increasingly efficient in communicating with other parts of the brain
- Still immature in adolescence, developing into early adulthood
8
Q
Imagine you are a college debater. Use your formal operational skills to argue first for and then against the proposition that society should try teens as adults.
A
Trying teens as adults. Pro arguments: Kohlberg’s theory clearly implies teens know right from wrong, so if teens knowingly do the crime, they should “do the time.” Actually, the critical dimension in deciding on adult punishment should be a person’s culpability—premeditation, seriousness of the infraction, and so on, not age. Con arguments: The research in this chapter shows that teens are indeed biologically and behaviorally different, so it is cruel to judge their behavior by adult standards. Moreover, if the U.S. bars young people from voting or serving in the military until age 18, and won’t let people buy alcohol until age 21, it’s unfair to put teens in adult prisons.
9
Q
What are the pros of Piaget’s approach?
A
- Catalyst for much research
- Accounts for many changes observed during adolescence
- Help explain
- Developmental differences
- Multidimensionality
- Metacognition
10
Q
When does formal operations emerge?
A
Early adolescence
11
Q
What signals the start of adolescence?
A
Onset of pubertal maturation
12
Q
Define
Primary sexual characteristics
A
Physical changes of puberty that directly involve the organs of reproduction, such as the growth of the penis and the onset of menstruation.
13
Q
Define
Immigrant paradox
A
The fact that despite living in poverty, going to substandard schools, and not having parents who speak the language, many immigrant children do far better than we might expect in school.
14
Q
In contrast to earlier times, give the main reason why our culture can’t celebrate puberty today?
A
Today, puberty occurs a decade or more before we can fully reach adult life.
15
Q
Define
Growth spurt
A
A dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.
16
Q
In Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, the intermediate level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by considering the need to uphold social norms.
A
Conventional morality
17
Q
What signals the end of adolescence?
A
Change in social role and responsibilities, just after teenage years
18
Q
The timing of puberty can have implications for social functioning. Examples of these in female who have early onset include:
A
- Physical bodily changes (e.g. breast development) may lead to feeling uncomfortable and different from peers
- Might experience ridicule from less mature peers
- Tend to be sought after more as potential dates, and popularity may enhance their self-concepts
19
Q
Antisocial behavior that, for most teens, is specific to adolescence and does not persist into adult life.
A
Adolescence-limited turmoil
20
Q
What is the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?
A
Medial = Social cognition
Lateral = Cognitive control
21
Q
Which of Piaget’s cognitive development stages are reached during adolescence?
A
Formal operational
22
Q
By, adolescence, the individual has reached ____________ Piaget’s stage of development, and the consider cases in terms of broader issues e.g. “stealing may be acceptable if you are following your own conscience and do the right thing”
A
By, adolescence, the individual has reached formal operational Piaget’s stage of development, and the consider cases in terms of broader issues e.g. “stealing may be acceptable if you are following your own conscience and do the right thing”
23
Q
What biological event occurs that signals the beginning of puberty?
A
When the pituitary gland signals other glands in the body to begin producing sex hormones at adult levels
24
Q
Based on their cognitive capacities school-aged children tend to think in terms of what regarding morals?
A
- Concrete unvarying rules e.g. “it is always wrong to steal” and “I’ll be punished if I steal”
- Rules of society e.g. “good people don’t steal” and “what if everyone stole?”
25
the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult
Adolescence
26
A small peer group composed of roughly six teenagers who have similar attitudes and who share activities.
Cliques
27
A boy’s first ejaculation of live sperm.
Spermarche
28
any of a group of steroid hormones which promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body.
Estrogens
29
# Define
Life-course difficulties
Antisocial behavior that, for a fraction of adolescents, persists into adult life.
30
Antisocial behavior that, for a fraction of adolescents, persists into adult life.
Life-course difficulties
31
A girl’s first menstruation.
Menarche
32
The fact that despite living in poverty, going to substandard schools, and not having parents who speak the language, many immigrant children do far better than we might expect in school.
Immigrant paradox
33
Based simply on knowing a child’s puberty timetable, spell out who is most at risk of getting into trouble (e.g., with drugs or having unprotected sex) as a teen.
An early maturing girl
34
In Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, the lowest level of moral reasoning, in which people approach ethical issues by considering the personal punishments or rewards of taking a particular action.
Preconventional morality
35
# Define
Adolescent egocentrism
David Elkind’s term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that their actions are at the center of everyone else’s consciousness.
36
The sex organs—the ovaries in girls and the testes in boys.
Gonads
37
# Define
Propositional logic
the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions, statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences, as well as the logical relationships and properties that are derived from these methods of combining or altering statements
38
What are the three levels of Kholberg's moral reasoning?
Preconventional morality
Conventional morality
Postconventional morality
39
The timing of puberty can have implications for social functioning. Examples of these in males who have late onset include:
* Tend to be viewed as less attractive
* Disadvantage when it comes to sports and social activities
* Decline in self-concept
* They are more insightful and assertive,
* They are more creatively playful than early maturers
40
The main hormonal system programming puberty; it involves a triggering hypothalamic hormone that causes the pituitary gland to secrete its hormones, which in turn cause the ovaries and testes to develop and secrete the hormones that produce major body changes.
HPG axis
41
# Define
Personal fables
David Elkind’s term for the tendency of young teenagers to believe that their lives are special and heroic; a component of adolescent egocentrism.
42
# Define
Conventional morality
In Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, the intermediate level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by considering the need to uphold social norms.
43
There has been a rise in teenage crimes in your town, and you are at a community meeting to explore solutions. Given what you know about the teenage mind, which two interventions should you definitely support?
a) Push the state legislature to punish teenage offenders as adults. Let them pay for their crimes!
b) Encourage the local high school to expand its menu of arts classes.
c) Think about postponing the beginning of the school day to 10 a.m.
b and c
44
You are on an international advisory committee charged with developing programs to help children cope emotionally with puberty. What recommendations might you make?
Possible recommendations: Pay special attention to providing nurturing schools in sixth and seventh grade. Push for more adequate, “honest” puberty education at a younger age, possibly in a format—such as on-line—where children can talk anonymously about their concerns. Institute a public awareness program encouraging parents to talk about puberty with a same-sex child. Encourage mothers to speak positively about menstruation and have dads discuss events such as spermarche with sons. Make everyone alert to the dangers associated with being an early-maturing girl and develop formal interventions targeted to this “at-risk” group. Institute sensitive, school-based “respect your body” discussions—based on the UNESCO guidelines—for children beginning in the early elementary school years.
45
A century-long decline in the average age at which children reach puberty in the developed world.
Secular trend in puberty
46
In Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, the highest level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by applying their own moral guidelines apart from society’s rules.
Postconventional morality
47
Physical changes of puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction.
Secondary sexual characteristics
48
What factors influence the timing of puberty?
Environmental chemicals
Life stress
Body weight
Nutrition level (body fat)
Light, climate
Genetics
Growth
49
What are the three stages of Gilligan's theory?
Stage 1: Orientation toward individual survival
Stage 2: Goodness as self-sacrifice
Stage 3: Morality of nonviolence
50
# Define
Cliques
A small peer group composed of roughly six teenagers who have similar attitudes and who share activities.
51
A “coming of age” ritual, usually beginning at some event such as first menstruation, held in traditional cultures to celebrate children’s transition to adulthood.
Puberty rite
52
What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?
* Self-regulation and self-control
* Planning
* Inhibiting inappropriate actions
* Problem-solving
* Multi-tasking
* Decision making
* Self-awareness
* Social interaction
53
# Define
Imaginary audience
David Elkind’s term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that everyone is watching their every action; a component of adolescent egocentrism.
54
You notice that your 11-year-old cousin is going from looking like a child to looking like a young woman.
(a) Outline the three-phase hormonal sequence that is setting off the physical changes; and then
(b) name the three classes of hormones involved in puberty.
(a) The initial hypothalamic hormone triggers the pituitary to produce its hormones, which cause the ovaries and testes to mature and produce their hormones, which, in turn, produce the body changes.
(b) Estrogens, testosterone, and the adrenal androgens.
55
# Define
Gonads
The sex organs—the ovaries in girls and the testes in boys.
56
What are the pros of Kohlberg's theory?
* Provides a structured approach to understanding values
* Provides insight into other people's moral priorities
57
What made the theory on moral development in girls?
58
Eric is the coach of a basketball team. The year-end tournament is tomorrow, and the star forward has the flu and won’t be able to play. Terry, last year’s number one player, offers to fill in—even though this is a violation of the conference rules. Eric agonizes about the ethical issue. Should he deprive his guys of their shot at the championship, or go against the regulations and put Terry in? How would you reason about this issue? Now, fit your responses into Kohlberg’s categories of moral thought.
If your arguments centered on getting punished or rewarded (the coach needs to put Terry in because that’s his best shot at winning; or, the coach can’t put Terry in because, if someone finds out, he will be in trouble), you are reasoning at the preconventional level. Comments such as “going against the rules is wrong” might be classified as conventional. If you argued, “Putting Terry in goes against my values, no matter what the team or the rules say,” your response might qualify as postconventional.
59
# Define
Preconventional morality
In Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, the lowest level of moral reasoning, in which people approach ethical issues by considering the personal punishments or rewards of taking a particular action.
60
What changes in daily behaviour does formal operations elicit?
* Questioning parents and authority figures
* Exhibiting greater idealism and impatience with imperfections
* Experiencing indecision
61
In your 15-year-old nephew, pick which symptom(s) is unusual and so might indicate a real psychological problem: intense mood swings and social sensitivities/depression/a tendency to engage in risky behavior with friends.
depression
62
You want to intervene to help prevent at-risk pre-teens from becoming delinquents. First, devise a checklist to assess who might be appropriate for your program. Then, applying the principles in this chapter, offer suggestions for how you would turn potentially “troublemaking teens” around.
Checklist:
1. Is this child unusually aggressive?
2. Is he failing at school and being rejected by the mainstream kids?
3. Does this child have poor relationships with his parents?
4. Does he live in a dangerous community, or a risk-taking environment? (Or, because he is poor, is he being defined as “dangerous” by the community?)
Your possible program:
Provide positive extracurricular activities that nurture each child’s interests. Offer service-learning opportunities. Possibly, institute group sessions with parents to solve problems around certain issues. Definitely try to get these teens connected with caring mentors and a different set of (prosocial) friends.
63
A close-knit, delinquent peer group. Gangs form mainly under conditions of economic deprivation; they offer their members protection from harm and engage in a variety of criminal activities.
Gang
64
David Elkind’s term for the tendency of young teenagers to believe that their lives are special and heroic; a component of adolescent egocentrism.
Personal fables
65
What are the cons of Kohlberg's theory?
* Suggests children don't go beyond a punishment and reward mentality
* Developmental scientists have shown that our basic sense of morality come online quite early
* What about the measures?
* Do the vignettes reflect real world situations?
* Do they predict real world morality?
* Male-centered approach to moral thought
66
the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions, statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences, as well as the logical relationships and properties that are derived from these methods of combining or altering statements
Propositional logic
67
# Define
Testosterone
The hormone responsible for the maturation of reproductive organs in men as well as hair and skin changes during puberty and for sexual desire in both sexes.
68
Socialization of a young teenager into delinquency through conversations centered on performing antisocial acts.
Deviancy training
69
What are the stages of postconventional morality?
Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights
Stage 6: Universal principles (*Principled conscience*)
70
Your niece Heather hangs around with a small group of girlfriends. You see them at the mall giggling at a group of boys. According to the standard pattern, what is the next step?
a) Heather and her friends will begin going on dates with the boys.
b) Heather and her clique will meld into a large heterosexual crowd.
c) Heather and her clique will form another small clique composed of both girls and boys.
b
71
David Elkind’s term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that their actions are at the center of everyone else’s consciousness.
Adolescent egocentrism
72
# Define
Spermarche
A boy’s first ejaculation of live sperm.
73
Chris and her parents are arguing again. Based on this chapter, at what age might arguments between Chris and her parents be most intense? Around what age would Chris’s parents have begun to seriously loosen their rules? Choose between ages 12, 16, and 19.
At age 12, the arguments would be most intense; by age 16, Chris’s parents would be giving her much more freedom
74
The timing of puberty can have implications for social functioning. Examples of these in males who have early onset include:
* Tend to be more successful at athletics
* Tends to be more popular and have more positive self-concepts
* Difficulties in school, more likely to be involved in delinquency and substance abuse
* Conspicuousness of their deviance from their later-maturing classmates may have a negative effects, producing anxiety, unhappiness and depression
75
G. Stanley Hall’s phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize the life stage which he labeled adolescence.
"Storm and stress"
76
Why is morality between girls and boys different?
Differences in the way boys and girls are raised lead to basic distinctions in how men and women view moral behaviour
77
What factors do flourishing teens tend to have?
* Superior executive functions
* A mentor
* Close family relationships
* Prosocial friends
* Academic success
* Strong schools and communities rich in nurturing activities
* A passion or special talent
* A strong religious faith and commitment
78
# Define
Secondary sexual characteristics
Physical changes of puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction.
79
# Define
Puberty rite
A “coming of age” ritual, usually beginning at some event such as first menstruation, held in traditional cultures to celebrate children’s transition to adulthood.
80
When does spermarche usually occur?
Around age 13
81
Why doesn't everyone achieve formal operational stage?
Lack of education or in a culture that does not value this kind of thinking
82
# Define
Puberty
The hormonal and physical changes by which children become sexually mature human beings and reach their adult height.
83
What are risk-factors for mental illness in teens?
* Prior emotional regulation difficulties
* Problems with executive functions
* Poor family relationships
* An authoritative discipline style
* Non-nurturing environments
* School peer hierarchies that promote bullying
* Living in dangerous neighbourhoods
84
The timing of puberty can have implications for social functioning. Examples of these in female who have late onset include:
* May be overlooked in dating and other mixed-sex activities during early and middle school years, and have relatively low social status
* Satisfaction with themselves and their bodies may be greater than that of earlier maturers
* Fewer emotional problems
85
# Define
Adolescence
the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult
86
The hormonal and physical changes by which children become sexually mature human beings and reach their adult height.
Puberty
87
The hormone responsible for the maturation of reproductive organs in men as well as hair and skin changes during puberty and for sexual desire in both sexes.
Testosterone
88
Your child has finally made it into the popular kids crowd at school. You should feel (Pick one): proud because that means he is able to get along with the kids/worried because he may be at risk for acting out behaviors such as aggression.
worried, because he is at risk for acting out behaviors such as aggression
89
True or False:
Onset of menstruation occurs earlier in more economically advantaged than disadvantaged countries
True
90
What are the stages of preconventional morality?
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment (*How can I avoid punishment?*)
Stage 2: Individualism and exchange (*What's in it for me?*)
91
# Define
Gang
A close-knit, delinquent peer group. Gangs form mainly under conditions of economic deprivation; they offer their members protection from harm and engage in a variety of criminal activities.
92
# Define
Postconventional morality
In Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, the highest level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by applying their own moral guidelines apart from society’s rules.
93
What are the cons of Piaget's approach?
* Fails to demonstrate
* Stage like fashion of cognition
* FO is adolescent cognitive state
* Fails to account for variability
* Between children
* Within child
* Within specific situations
94
the gray matter of the anterior part of the frontal lobe that is highly developed in humans and plays a role in the regulation of complex cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning
Prefrontal cortex
95
Physical changes of puberty that directly involve the organs of reproduction, such as the growth of the penis and the onset of menstruation.
Primary sexual characteristics
96
# Define
"Storm and stress"
G. Stanley Hall’s phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize the life stage which he labeled adolescence.
97
Mom #1 says, “Getting involved with the ‘bad kids’ makes teens get into trouble.” Mom #2 disagrees: “It’s the kid’s personality that causes him to get into trouble.” Mom #3 says, “You both are correct—but also partly wrong. The kid’s personality causes him to gravitate toward the ‘bad kids,’ and then that peer group encourages antisocial acts.” Which mother is right?
Mom #3 is correct.
98
# Define
Menarche
A girl’s first menstruation.
99
Kendra has recently begun to menstruate. Calista has just shot up in height. Carl is developing facial hair. Statistically speaking, which child is at the beginning of puberty?
Calista
100
# Define
Estrogens
any of a group of steroid hormones which promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body.
101
Why do females have an earlier growth spurt than males?
When the pituitary gland starts signalling to increase sex hormone production at the onset of puberty it also signals to increase production of growth hormones. Since puberty occurs earlier in females, so does the growth spurt
102
# Define
Crowds
A relatively large teenage peer group.
103
A relatively large teenage peer group.
Crowds
104
# Define
Prefrontal cortex
the gray matter of the anterior part of the frontal lobe that is highly developed in humans and plays a role in the regulation of complex cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning
105
Which regions of the brain show the most prolonged reduction in grey matter volume?
Frontal and temporal cortex
106
# Define
Secular trend in puberty
A century-long decline in the average age at which children reach puberty in the developed world.
107
# Define
HPG axis
The main hormonal system programming puberty; it involves a triggering hypothalamic hormone that causes the pituitary gland to secrete its hormones, which in turn cause the ovaries and testes to develop and secrete the hormones that produce major body changes.
108
Gilligan
109
Robin, a teacher, is about to transfer from fourth grade to the local high school, and she is excited by all the things that her older students will be able to do. Based on what you have learned about Piaget’s formal operational stage and Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning, pick out which two new capacities Robin may find among her students.
a) The high schoolers will be able to memorize poems.
b) The high schoolers will be able to summarize the plots of stories.
c) The high schoolers will be able to debate different ideas even if they don’t personally agree with them.
d) The high schoolers will be able to develop their own moral principles.
c and d
110
# Define
Deviancy training
Socialization of a young teenager into delinquency through conversations centered on performing antisocial acts.
111
Surge in production of sex hormones that trigger adolescence might lead to changes in mood.
## Footnote
Males -
Females
Surge in production of sex hormones that trigger adolescence might lead to changes in mood.
## Footnote
Males - **anger and annoyance**
Females **anger and depression**
112
# Define
Adolescence-limited turmoil
Antisocial behavior that, for most teens, is specific to adolescence and does not persist into adult life.
113
David Elkind’s term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that everyone is watching their every action; a component of adolescent egocentrism.
Imaginary audience
114
Brianna, an overweight second grader, has a harsh, rejecting family life. Based on this chapter, you might predict that Briana should enter puberty earlier/later than her peers.
earlier
115
# Define
Androgens
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that program various aspects of puberty, such as growth of body hair, skin changes, and sexual desire.
116
A dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.
Growth spurt
117
A 14-year-old worries that everyone is watching every mistake she makes; at the same time, she is fearless when her friends dare her to take life-threatening risks like bungee jumping off a cliff. According to Elkind, this feeling that everyone is watching her illustrates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; the risk taking is a sign of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; and both are evidence of the overall process called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
the imaginary audience; the personal fable; adolescent egocentrism
