Infancy Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Definition
A baby’s frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life caused by an immature nervous system.
A
Colic
2
Q
What is syntax?
A
Ways in which children combine words and phrases to form sentences
3
Q
Define
Kangaroo care
A
Carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregiver’s body. This technique is most useful for soothing an infant.
4
Q
Centration, conservation, transformation, egocentrism and intuitive thought are all developed during which stage of Piaget’s approach to cognitive development?
A
Preoperational stage
5
Q
Define
Insecure attachment
A
Deviation from the normally joyful response of being united with a primary caregiver, signaling problems in the caregiver–child relationship.
6
Q
Definition
The alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch and that precede the first words.
A
Babbling
7
Q
Definition
Deviation from the normally joyful response of being united with a primary caregiver, signaling problems in the caregiver–child relationship.
A
Insecure attachment
8
Q
Define
Babbling
A
The alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch and that precede the first words.
9
Q
Define
Language acquisition device (LAD)
A
Chomsky’s term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language.
10
Q
Baby Sara watches her big brother hit the dog. Based on the research in this section, Sara might first understand her brother is being “mean” (choose one) months before/at/months after age 1.
A
Baby Sara should pick up this idea months before age 1.
11
Q
Definition
The first real smile, occurring at about 2 months of age.
A
Social smile
12
Q
Definition
In Piaget’s framework, habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 months of age to the baby’s first birthday, centered on exploring the external world.
A
Secondary circular reactions
13
Q
Define
Tertiary circular reactions
A
In Piaget’s framework, “little-scientist” activities of the sensorimotor stage, beginning around age 1, involving flexibly exploring the properties of objects.
14
Q
What is relational aggression?
A
Carried out indirectly through damaging or destroying the victim’s relationships
15
Q
At what age does separation anxiety start to occur?
A
7-8 months
16
Q
Definition
In Piaget’s framework, the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body.
A
Primary circular reactions
17
Q
Baby Ginny is 4 months old; baby Jamal is about 7 months old; baby Sam is 1 year old; baby David is 2 years old. Identify each child’s probable language stage by choosing from the following items: babbling; cooing; telegraphic speech; holophrases.
A
Baby Ginny is cooing; baby Jamal is babbling; baby Sam is speaking in holophrases (one-word stage); and baby David is using telegraphic speech.
18
Q
Definition
The simplified, exaggerated, highpitched tones that adults and children use to speak to infants that function to help teach language.
A
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
19
Q
List an example of “proximity-seeking in distress” in your own life within the past few months.
A
Your responses will differ, but any example you give, such as “I called Mom when that terrible thing happened at work,” should show that in a stressful situation your immediate impulse was to contact your attachment figure.
20
Q
What are the four types of aggression?
A
Motivation:
- Proactive
- Reactive
Form
- Direct
- Relational
21
Q
When do primary circular reactions develop?
A
Months 1 to 4
22
Q
What factors influence physical development?
A
Nutrition
Disease
Genetics
Stress
23
Q
What are the two personality styles during childhood?
A
Externalising tendencies
Internalising tendencies
24
Q
Define
Axon
A
A long nerve fiber that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.
25
# Define
Social smile
The first real smile, occurring at about 2 months of age.
26
What causes colic?
An immature nervous system that is easily overwhelmed by stimuli
27
# Define
Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth’s procedure to measure attachment at age 1, involving planned separations and reunions with a caregiver.
28
# Define
Secondary circular reactions
In Piaget’s framework, habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 months of age to the baby’s first birthday, centered on exploring the external world.
29
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
A concept of Vygotsky's theory that states that there are a range of tasks that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement from a more skillful partner
30
True or False:
There is a relationship between childhood nutrition and self-confidence
True
Children who received higher levels of nutrients felt more self-confident than those whose nutritional intake was lower
31
What biological factors influence fine motor development during childhood?
Growth spurts in myelination
32
What are examples of tertiary circular reactions?
Exploring the various dimensions of a toy
Throwing a bottle off the high chair in different directions
Putting different kinds of food in the computer
33
# Define
Primary circular reactions
In Piaget’s framework, the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body.
34
Which child is more likely to be aggressive, one with internalising tendences or one with externalising?
Externalising tendencies
35
What is the most effective method at calming babies in the first days of life?
Continuous human touch
36
Muriel is 1 month old, Janine is 5 months old, Ted is 1 year old, and Tania is age 3. List each child’s phase of attachment.
Muriel = preattachment; Janine = attachment in the making; Ted = clear-cut attachment: Tania = working model.
37
# Define
Primary attachment figure
The closest person in a child’s or adult’s life.
38
# Definition
A caregiving approach stressing the value of prolonged breast feeding, continuous “skin to skin” contact, and other strategies designed to promote intense parent-child bonding during the early years of life.
Attachment parenting
39
# Define
Secure attachment
Ideal attachment response when a child responds with joy at being united with a primary caregiver; in adulthood, the genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships.
40
What attachment phase are babies in during the first 3 months of life?
Preattachment phase
41
# Define
Separation anxiety
Signal of clear-cut attachment when a baby gets upset as a primary caregiver departs.
42
What happens to the corpus callosum during childhood?
It becomes thicker
43
What is reciprocal teaching?
A concept of Vygotsky's theory involving instructional activity that takes place through dialogue between teachers and students about a topic. Teacher and student take turns being the "teacher" in leading the dialogue
44
What is private speech?
Speech that is spoken and directed to self
45
# Define
REM sleep
The phase of sleep involving rapid eye movements, when the EEG looks almost like it does during waking. REM sleep decreases as infants mature.
46
# Definition
Mary Ainsworth’s procedure to measure attachment at age 1, involving planned separations and reunions with a caregiver.
Strange situation
47
When does the sensorimotor stage end?
It ends with the development of language (at around 2)
48
What is conservation?
The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
49
What is the downside of swaddling?
It limits skin-to-skin contact between caregiver and child
50
When do secondary circular reactions appear?
At around 4 months of age
51
What areas do children draw on to determine self-esteem?
* Scholastic competence
* Behavioural conduct
* Athletic skills
* Peer likeability
* Physical appearance
52
# Definition
An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation.
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
53
# Define
Means-end behaviour
In Piaget’s framework, performing a different action to achieve a goal—an ability that emerges in the sensorimotor stage as babies approach age 1.
54
At what age does social smiles occur?
2 months
55
Jose, while an avid Piaget fan, has to admit that in important ways, this master theorist was wrong. Jose can legitimately make which two criticisms? (1) Cognition develops gradually, not in stages; (2) Infants understand human motivations; (3) Babies understand the basic properties of objects at birth
Cognition develops gradually rather than in distinct stages; infants understand human motivations.
56
# Definition
Ideal attachment response when a child responds with joy at being united with a primary caregiver; in adulthood, the genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships.
Secure attachment
57
# Define
Synapse
The gap between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow.
58
What did Vygotsky propose in his Sociocultural theory?
Infants are born with a few **elementary mental functions** (attention, sensation, perception and memory) that are eventually transformed by the culture into new and more sophisticated mental processes that he called **higher mental functions.**
Cognition is the results of **social interactions** in which the children learn through **guided participation**
59
By what age does object permanence fully emerge?
2 years
60
# Define
Clear-cut attachment
Critical human attachment phase, from 7 months through toddlerhood, defined by separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and needing a primary caregiver close.
61
What are examples of primary circular reactions?
Sucking toes/thumb
62
# Definition
The standard Western infant calming technique of wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or other garment.
Swaddling
63
What method is used to measure childhood obesity levels?
BMI
64
How does language mechanics change during middle childhood?
* Vocabulary continues to increase
* Mastery of grammar improves
* Understanding of syntax grows
* Certain phonemes remain troublesome
* Decoding difficulties when dependent on intonation
* More competence in pragmatics
* Increase in meta-linguistic awareness
65
# Define
Synchrony
The reciprocal aspect of the attachment relationship, with a caregiver and infant responding emotionally to each other in a sensitive, exquisitely attuned way.
66
What are the differences between Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and Piaget's cognitive development theory?
67
During what stage is object permanence developed?
Sensorimotor stage
68
# Define
Disorganised attachment
An insecure attachment style characterized by responses such as freezing or fear when a child is reunited with the primary caregiver in the Strange Situation.
69
What are the three insecure attachment types seen in infants?
Avoidant
Anxious-ambivalent
Disorganised
70
What are the pros of Vygotsky's theory?
* Increasingly influential in the last decade
* Growing body of research on the importance of social interaction in promoting cognitive development
* Growing body of multicultural and cross-cultural research
71
By what age can babies can simultaneously employ two circular reactions, using both grasping and kicking together to explore the world?
8 months
72
What areas of intuitive thought are developed during childhood?
* Use of primitive reasoning
* Assertiveness regarding knowledge, but unable to support the argument
* Slowly certain qualities prepare children for more sophisticated forms of reasoning
* Begin to understand the notion of **functionality**
* Actions, events and outcomes are related to each other in fixed patterns
* Begin to show an awareness of the concept of **identity**
* Certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size and appearance
73
# Define
Object permanence
In Piaget’s framework, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them, which gradually emerges during the sensorimotor stage.
74
# Define
Little-scientist phase
The time around age 1 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like “scientists.'
75
At what age does an infant enter the transitional period called attachment in the making?
4 moths
76
# Definition
A long nerve fiber that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.
Axon
77
# Definition
The time around age 1 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like “scientists.'
Little-scientist phase
78
What are the major criticisms of Piaget's insights into cognitive development?
* Infants grasp the basics of physical reality well before age 1.
* Infants’ understanding of physical reality develops gradually
79
# Define
Stranger anxiety
Beginning at about 7 months of age, when a baby grows wary of people other than a primary caregiver.
80
# Define
Myelination
Formation of a fatty layer, encasing the axons of neurons. This process, which speeds the transmission of neural impulses, continues from birth to early adulthood.
81
# Define
Avoidant attachment
An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s indifference to a primary caregiver at being reunited after separation.
82
83
# Definition
The phase of sleep involving rapid eye movements, when the EEG looks almost like it does during waking. REM sleep decreases as infants mature.
REM sleep
84
# Define
Holophrase
First clear evidence of language, when babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought.
85
What is decentering?
The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
86
# Definition
Second phase of Bowlby’s attachment sequence, when, from 4 to 7 months of age, babies slightly prefer the primary caregiver.
Attachment in the making
87
# Define
Synaptogenesis
Forming of connections between neurons at the synapses. This process, responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts, is most intense during infancy and childhood but continues throughout life.
88
What is pragmatics?
Aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately
89
# Definition
In Piaget’s framework, performing a different action to achieve a goal—an ability that emerges in the sensorimotor stage as babies approach age 1.
Means-end behaviour
90
What are examples of secondary circular reactions?
Grabbing for toys
Batting mobiles
Pushing one's body to activates the lights and sounds on a swing
91
What is scaffolding?
A concept of Vygotsky's theory that states that the expert carefully tailors their support to the novice learner to assure their understanding. It supports learning and problem-solving that encourages independence and growth
92
What is the most important sign of emerging reasoning?
Mean-end behaviour
93
# Definition
First stage of combining words in infancy, in which a baby pares down a sentence to its essential words.
Telegraphic speech
94
# Definition
Beginning at about 7 months of age, when a baby grows wary of people other than a primary caregiver.
Stranger anxiety
95
What are the 8 stages of identity formation?
96
# Definition
First clear evidence of language, when babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought.
Holophrase
97
When do tertiary circular reactions appear?
1 year old
98
# Definition
An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s indifference to a primary caregiver at being reunited after separation.
Avoidant attachment
99
# Definition
Malleable, or capable of being changed (used to refer to neural or cognitive development).
Plastic
100
# Define
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, when babies’ agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality.
101
“We learn to speak by getting reinforced for saying what we want.” “We are biologically programmed to learn language.” “Babies are passionate to communicate.” Identify the theoretical perspective reflected in each of these statements: Skinner’s operant conditioning perspective; Chomsky’s language acquisition device; a social-interactionist perspective on language.
The idea that we learn language by getting reinforced reflects Skinner’s operant conditioning perspective; Chomsky hypothesized that we are biologically programmed to acquire language; the social-interactionist perspective emphasizes the fact that babies and adults have a passion to communicate.
102
# Definition
In Piaget’s framework, “little-scientist” activities of the sensorimotor stage, beginning around age 1, involving flexibly exploring the properties of objects.
Tertiary circular reactions
103
# Define
Telegraphic speech
First stage of combining words in infancy, in which a baby pares down a sentence to its essential words.
104
What stage of Piagets approach to cognitive development is characterised by symbolic thinking?
Preoperational stage
105
What is social speech?
Speech directed to others and meant to be understood by that person
106
According to a preschooler, which of these lines contains more buttons?
Lower row because it looks longer
107
# Definition
In Piaget’s framework, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them, which gradually emerges during the sensorimotor stage.
Object permanence
108
# Definition
The hormone whose production is centrally involved in bonding, nurturing, and caregiving behaviors in our species and other mammals.
Oxytocin
109
# Define
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
The simplified, exaggerated, highpitched tones that adults and children use to speak to infants that function to help teach language.
110
# Define
Cerebral cortex
The outer, folded mantle of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses
111
Jasmine is adopting a 2-year-old from an orphanage in Haiti. List a few child issues Jasmine might have to deal with, and then give Jasmine a piece of good attachment news.
Caution Jasmine that her child may show problems with attention and indiscriminant friendliness and, if Jasmine is adopting a boy, have special difficulties developing a secure attachment. However, you can also say these problems should improve with loving care.
112
# Definition
Acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to an attachment figure.
Proximity-seeking behaviour
113
When does a babies need to be physically close to a caregiver begin to end?
About age 3
114
# Definition
The important transitional stage after babyhood, from roughly 1 year to 2 1/2 years of age; defined by an intense attachment to caregivers and an urgent need to become independent.
Toddlerhood
115
What is reactive aggression?
Acts that occur in response to being frusterated or hurt
116
# Definition
The first phase of John Bowlby’s developmental attachment sequence, during the first three months of life, when infants show no visible signs of attachment.
Preattachment phase
117
# Definition
An insecure attachment style characterized by responses such as freezing or fear when a child is reunited with the primary caregiver in the Strange Situation.
Disorganised attachment
118
A friend makes fun of adults who use baby talk. Given the information in this section, is her teasing justified?
No, your friend is wrong!!! Baby talk—or in developmental science terms, infant-directed speech (IDS)—helps promote early language.
119
# Define
Attachment in the making
Second phase of Bowlby’s attachment sequence, when, from 4 to 7 months of age, babies slightly prefer the primary caregiver.
120
# Definition
Signal of clear-cut attachment when a baby gets upset as a primary caregiver departs.
Separation anxiety
121
At what ages does babbling emerge?
6 months
122
What is concrete operation stage characterized by?
Active and appropriate use of logic
123
What is direct aggression?
Everyone can see it
124
How does language promote self-control?
* Helps school-age children control and regulate behaviour
* "Self-talk" used to help regulate behaviour
* Effectiveness of self-control grows as linguistic capabilities increase
125
# Define
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation.
126
What are the cons of Vygotsky's theory?
* Lack of precision in conceptualization of cognitive growth
* Lack of detail on how attention and memory develop and how children's natural cognitive capabilities unfold
127
# Definition
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, when babies’ agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality.
Sensorimotor stage
128
Why is symbolic thinking important?
It is important for increasingly sophisticated use of language
129
# Define
Temperament
A person’s characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world.
130
True or False:
Babies never sleep continuously through the night
True
By about 6 months of age, many have the skill to become self-soothing. They put themselves back to sleep when they wake up
131
# Define
Attachment
The powerful bond of love between a caregiver and child (or between any two individuals).
132
# Definition
In Bowlby’s theory, the mental representation of a caregiver allowing children over age 3 to be physically apart from that primary attachment figure.
Working model
133
# Definition
A perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes, much like a computer.
Information-processing approach
134
# Definition
The reciprocal aspect of the attachment relationship, with a caregiver and infant responding emotionally to each other in a sensitive, exquisitely attuned way.
Synchrony
135
# Define
A-not-B error
In Piaget’s framework, a classic mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage, whereby babies approaching age 1 go back to the original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in different place.
136
What is symbolic thinking?
The ability to use symbols, words or objects to represent something that is not physically present
137
How do you measure inhibition?
Perform an action that contradicts immediate tendencies
138
What is reversability?
Understanding the process of transforming a stimulus can be reversed, returning back to it original form
139
# Define
Plastic
Malleable, or capable of being changed (used to refer to neural or cognitive development).
140
At what ages does cooing begin?
2 months
141
# Definition
The rules and word-arranging systems that every human language employs to communicate meaning.
Grammar
142
# Define
Social-interactionist perspective
An approach to language development that emphasizes its social function, specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate.
143
Your cousin is the primary caregiver of her 1-year-old son. On a recent visit to her house, you notice that the baby shows no emotion when his mother leaves the room, and—more important—seems indifferent when she returns. How might you classify this child’s attachment?
The child has an avoidant attachment.
144
# Definition
Critical human attachment phase, from 7 months through toddlerhood, defined by separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and needing a primary caregiver close.
Clear-cut attachment
145
# Definition
Chomsky’s term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language.
Language acquisition device (LAD)
146
# Definition
The powerful bond of love between a caregiver and child (or between any two individuals).
Attachment
147
# Definition
Forming of connections between neurons at the synapses. This process, responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts, is most intense during infancy and childhood but continues throughout life.
Synaptogenesis
148
# Define
Working model
In Bowlby’s theory, the mental representation of a caregiver allowing children over age 3 to be physically apart from that primary attachment figure.
149
What is cooperative learning?
A concept of Vygotsky's theory involving small groups of student, with different levels of ability, using learning activities to improve their understanding of a topic
150
# Definition
In Piaget’s framework, a classic mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage, whereby babies approaching age 1 go back to the original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in different place.
A-not-B error
151
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Executive functions such as thinking, planning, organizing, and problem-solving, emotions, behavioural control and personality
152
# Definition
A baby’s checking back and monitoring a caregiver for cues as to how to behave while exploring; linked to clear-cut attachment.
Social referencing
153
# Definition
An approach to language development that emphasizes its social function, specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate.
Social-interactionist perspective
154
At what age doe telegraphic speech ("me juice") begin?
18 months
155
# Define
Proximity-seeking behaviour
Acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to an attachment figure.
156
# Define
Self-soothing
Children’s ability, usually beginning at about 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night.
157
You are working at a child-care center, and you notice Darien repeatedly opening and closing a cabinet door. Then Jai comes over and pulls open the door. You decide to latch it. Jai—undeterred—pulls on the door and, when it doesn’t open, begins jiggling the latch. And then he looks up, very pleased, as he manages to figure out how to open the latch. Finally, you give up and decide to play a game with Sam. You hide a stuffed bear in a toy box while Sam watches. Then Sam throws open the lid of the box and scoops out the bear. Link the appropriate Piagetian term to each child’s behavior: circular reaction; object permanence; means–end behavior.
Circular reaction = Darien; means–end behavior = Jai; object permanence = Sam.
158
What are the different stores information passes through to form a memory according to the Information Processing approach?
1. Sensory store
2. Working memory store
3. Long-term store
159
# Definition
The outer, folded mantle of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses
Cerebral cortex
160
# Define
Grammar
The rules and word-arranging systems that every human language employs to communicate meaning.
161
What stage of Piaget's approach to cognitive development is someone aged 8-12 years likely to be in?
Concrete operational
162
# Definition
A branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neuron.
Dendrite
163
# Definition
Carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregiver’s body. This technique is most useful for soothing an infant.
Kangaroo care
164
What factors influence childhood obesity?
**Social factors -** reduced time to prepare nutritious meals, increased portion sizes, easy access to low lost calories dense foods (i.e. junk food)
**Technology -** reduced exercise?
**Epigenetics**
165
# Define
Toddlerhood
The important transitional stage after babyhood, from roughly 1 year to 2 1/2 years of age; defined by an intense attachment to caregivers and an urgent need to become independent.
166
# Define
Social referencing
A baby’s checking back and monitoring a caregiver for cues as to how to behave while exploring; linked to clear-cut attachment.
167
What are the key concepts involved in language development during childhood?
Syntax
Pragmatics
Private speech
Social speech
168
Match term to the correct definition: (1) social referencing; (2) working model; (3) synchrony; (4) Strange Situation.
a) A researcher measures a child’s attachment at age 1 in a series of separations and reunions with the mother.
b) A toddler keeps looking back at the parent while exploring at a playground.
c) An elementary school child keeps an image of her parent in mind to calm herself when she gets on the school bus in the morning.
d) A mother and baby relate to each other as if they are totally in tune.
(1) b; (2) c; (3) d; (4) a
169
What stage of Piaget's approach to cognitive development are 2-7 year olds usually in?
Preoperational stage
170
# Define
Attachment parenting
A caregiving approach stressing the value of prolonged breast feeding, continuous “skin to skin” contact, and other strategies designed to promote intense parent-child bonding during the early years of life.
171
# Definition
The gap between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow.
Synapse
172
At what age does holophrases (such as "ja" for juice) begin?
12 months
173
What are the key concepts of Vygotsky's theory?
Zone of proximal development
Scaffolding
Cooperative learning
Reciprocal teaching
174
# Definition
Children’s ability, usually beginning at about 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night.
Self-soothing
175
# Define
Preattachment phase
The first phase of John Bowlby’s developmental attachment sequence, during the first three months of life, when infants show no visible signs of attachment.
176
# Define
Dendrite
A branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neuron.
177
# Definition
Formation of a fatty layer, encasing the axons of neurons. This process, which speeds the transmission of neural impulses, continues from birth to early adulthood.
Myelination
178
By what age do children stop making the A-not-B error?
1 year
179
Manuel is arguing for the validity of attachment theory as spelled out by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Manuel should say (pick one, neither, or both): Infants around the world get attached to a primary caregiver at roughly the same age/a child’s attachment status as of age 1 never changes.
Manuel should say: Infants around the world get attached to a primary caregiver at roughly the same age.
180
# Define
Swaddling
The standard Western infant calming technique of wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or other garment.
181
# Define
Circular reactions
In Piaget’s framework, repetitive action-oriented schemas (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage.
182
# Define
Colic
A baby’s frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life caused by an immature nervous system.
183
# Definition
A person’s characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world.
Temperament
184
# Definition
In Piaget’s framework, repetitive action-oriented schemas (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage.
Circular reactions
185
Reversibility and decentering are developed during which phase of Piaget's model?
Concrete operational
186
What is centration?
Being able to concentration on one aspect of an object/situation (obvious elements in sight) while ignoring others
187
# Definition
The closest person in a child’s or adult’s life.
Primary attachment figure
188
# Define
Oxytocin
The hormone whose production is centrally involved in bonding, nurturing, and caregiving behaviors in our species and other mammals.
189
What is proactive aggression?
Acts that are actively instigated to achieve a goal
190
# Define
Information-processing approach
A perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes, much like a computer.
