Adolescent Dev. Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Adolescent Dev. Deck (16)
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1
Q

describe puberty in adolescence

A
  • puberty:
    • increase in adrenal and gonadal hormones
    • second “critical period” in sexual differentiation
    • secondary sex characteristics: breasts, pubic hair, facial hair, larynx enlargement/voice changes
  • pubertal growth spurt:
    • adolescents attain final 25% of adult height and 50% of adult weight
2
Q

describe sleep rhythms during adolescent physical development

A
  • sleep rhythms
    • phase delay (go to bed later)
    • reduced slow wave (restorative) sleep
    • negative impact of cell phones/computers on sleep hygiene
3
Q

describe brain maturation in adolescence

A
  • ongoing myelination and dendritic pruning
  • most dramatic changes occur in prefrontal cortex and increased prefrontal-subcortical connectivity
4
Q

describe cognitive development in adolescence

A
  • ability to use abstract thought, consider theories, devise hypotheses, examine cause & effect (Formal Operational Stage)
    • regression to concrete stage of thinking is common under stress or heightened emotions in adolescence
  • problem solving, planning, multi-tasking
  • inhibiting inappropirate behaviors in favor of goal-oriented behaviors
    • impulse control
    • delayed gratification
5
Q

describe changes in gray and white matter in adolescents

A
6
Q

describe social/emotional development of adolescents

A
  • adolescents are reward seeking and highly motivated by emotional incentives
    • peer approval
    • positive sensation-seeking
    • novelty seeking
  • emotional system matures earlier than prefrontal control system
    • high emotional reactivity
    • difficulty down-regulating emotional state
    • increased risk for affective disorders in adolescence
7
Q

describe the maturation of prefrontal pathways in adolescents

A
  • control over emotions improves with maturation of prefrontal pathways (uncinate fasciculus) to amygdala (emotion center) and basal forebrain nucleus accumbens (reward processing)
8
Q

describe risk-taking and brain maturation in adolescence

A
  • risk-taking is higher in adolescence than in childhood and adulthood (non-linear trend)
    • cold reasoning (logical, cause-effect relationships, prefrontal region) develops linearly from childhood to adulthood
    • hot reasoning (emotional, limbic region) peaks in adolescence
9
Q

describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development between birth and 1 year

A
  • trust vs. mistrust
    • if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
10
Q

describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development between 1-3 years

A
  • autonomy vs shame and doubt
    • toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities
11
Q

describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development between 3-6 years

A
  • initiative vs guilt
    • preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
12
Q

describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development between 6-12 years

A
  • competence vs inferiority
    • children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior
13
Q

describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development between 12-20s

A
  • identity vs role confusion
    • teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
14
Q

describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development between 20s-40s

A
  • intimacy vs isolation
    • young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
15
Q

describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development between 40s-60s

A
  • generativity vs stagnation
    • the middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, such as through family and work, or they feel a lack of purpose
16
Q

describe Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development after 65+

A
  • integrity vs despair
    • when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure