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AU17: Physiology > Adrenal Endocrine > Flashcards

Adrenal Endocrine Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

How are the adrenal glands developed?

A

Two distinct glands that form one organ during development

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2
Q

The adrenal medulla is derived from _________, and the cortex is derived from ____________.

A

Neural crest cells; mesothelial

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3
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is part of the nervous system?

A

Medulla (Sympathetic)

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4
Q

What two hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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5
Q

The adrenal medulla acts as a sympathetic ganglion. What takes the place of postsynaptic neurons with axons?

A

Chromaffin cells release epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) into the blood

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6
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors have a greater affinity for __________ while alpha-adrenergic receptors have a greater affinity for _________.

A

Epinephrine; norepinephrine

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7
Q

Since the adrenal medulla endocrine response is blood born, how might it effect the body differently than a typical neural response?

A

May last longer

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8
Q

What organs and tissues are reached by the adrenal medulla that do not have neural circuits?

A

Liver, skeletal muscle, and fat

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9
Q

What is the main action of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

A

Increase availability of metabolic fuel via lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex from outer to inner?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
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11
Q

T/F: Most steroid synthesis and secretion in the adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH.

A

True

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12
Q

Which zone produces aldosterone?

A

Zona glomerulosa

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13
Q

What is the principle action of aldosterone?

A

Stimulate Na and H2o retention by the kidney to maintain blood volume and pressure

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14
Q

T/F: Active aldosterone will cause an increase in urinary excretion of K and H

A

True

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15
Q

How does aldosterone act in the cell?

A

Creates an aldosterone-receptor complex which binds to DNA

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16
Q

What do the cellular protein products of aldosterone do to the cell?

A

Opens sodium channels from tubular fluid while producing more ATP to activate more Na-K pumps to push more sodium out into the blood

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17
Q

T/F: ACTH is the main regulator for secretion of aldosterone.

A

FALSE

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18
Q

What factors stimulate aldosterone secretion?

A
  1. Increase in Angiotensin II
  2. Increase in plasma K
  3. Decrease in plasma pH
  4. Low blood pressure
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19
Q

When blood pressure is low the adrenal cortex will release ___________ from the zona ____________.

Study These Flashcards
A

Aldosterone; glomerulosa

20
Q

What is the major glucocorticoid?

21
Q

What zone of the cortex produces cortisol?

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A

Zona fasciculata

22
Q

What is the major effect of cortisol?

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A

Increase metabolic fuel availability and use in tissues

23
Q

Cortisol has a negative feedback action on _____ and _____.

24
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on the various organs and tissues it acts on?

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A

Liver: increase gluconeogenesis
Muscle: increase proteolysis
Fat: increase lipolysis

25
What systemic actions does cortisol have?
1. Decrease glucose uptake 2. Immune and inflammatory response 3. Decrease growth and reproductive function
26
Which zone are sex steroids secreted from in the cortex?
Zona reticularis
27
The two major sex steroids (androgens) are _________ and __________.
DHEA and androstenedione
28
Which androgen has relatively weak androgen action but is a precursor for other sex steroids?
DHEA
29
Peripheral concentrations of ________ is a good indicator for overall activity of the adrenal cortex.
DHEA
30
_________ provides a non-gonadal source of testosterone and estradiol.
Androstenedione
31
When is DHEA a crucial source for reproductive steroids?
Pre-puberty and post-menopause
32
T/F: Adrenal sex steroids are stimulated by the same hormones as gonadal sex steroids.
FALSE ACTH stimulates adrenal sex steroids
33
What is the stress axis?
Hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> adrenal cortex
34
A stress response is a response to a stressor that stimulates hypothalamic ________ neurons and inputs to the _______.
CRH; sympathetic nervous system
35
During the stress response, increased secretion of ___________ increases the availability of metabolic fuel and other functions.
Cortisol
36
Cortisol has a __________ response and inhibits the actions of _________.
Delayed; insulin
37
What is the primary hormone involved with the stress response?
Epinephrine
38
T/F: The stress response involves a rapid response involving skeletal muscle stimulation and inhibition.
FALSE Smooth muscle
39
What are the three primary goals of the stress response?
1. Maintain blood pressure 2. Mobilize and increase availability of metabolic fuel 3. Inhibit non-essential functions
40
How is the stress response shut off?
1. Removal of stressor | 2. Negative feedback of cortisol on CRH and ACTH
41
What are the problems that can relate to a chronic stress response leading to a long period of elevated cortisol levels?
1. Catabolism of glucose substrates 2. Anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects 3. Increased blood lipids -> atherosclerosis and hypertension
42
T/F: There is evidence that certain viral infections can be made worse with activation of the stress response.
True
43
What are some symptoms of adrenal insufficiency/Addison's Disease?
1. Low cortisol and high ACTH 2. Weakness, decreased appetite 3. Low blood pressure 4. Low glucose 5. Hyperpigmentation
44
How should adrenal insufficiency be treated?
Exogenous glucocorticoids and/or dietary control
45
What is the typical cause of hypercortisolinemia/Cushing's Disease?
Pituitary tumor
46
T/F: Cushing's disease will lead to an increased basal concentrations of cortisol.
TRUE
47
What are some symptoms of Cushing's Disease?
1. Excessive tissue catabolism 2. Diabetes like symptoms 3. High blood pressure 4. Impaired immune function

AU17: Physiology (12 decks)

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