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AU17: Physiology > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Saliva initiatives the digestion of _____ and ______.

A

starch and fat

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2
Q

Which salivary gland is a serous gland and is the major source of amylase?

A

Parotid

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3
Q

Which gland is mostly a mucous gland?

A

Sublingual

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4
Q

Which gland is a mixed gland that secretes water, electrolytes, and mucin at rest?

A

Submandibular

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5
Q

The minor salivary glands secrete mostly mucous except for which one?

A

von Ebner’s gland

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6
Q

The minor salivary glands contribute _____ of total saliva.

A

5-10%

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7
Q

________ glands are involved with taste and secrete lingual lipase.

A

von Ebner’s

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8
Q

The pH of saliva is highly buffered at _____.

A

6.7-7.4

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9
Q

What are some of the inorganic salts that make up saliva?

A
  1. Na
  2. K
  3. Chloride
  4. Bicarbonate
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10
Q

Explain salivary fluid secretion mechanism.

A

Cl- is secreted into the lumen and Na+ slips through tight junctions to follow it

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11
Q

T/F: Secretory ducts are permeable to H2O.

A

False

Many solutes are reabsorbed in the duct

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12
Q

_______ secretion is effected by flow rate.

A

Secondary

In the duct. Acinar secretion not effected by flow rate.

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13
Q

_______ is the most abundant protein in saliva.

A

Mucin

Gives saliva viscosity

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14
Q

_______ initiates the breakdown of starch.

A

Amylase

Parotid gland

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15
Q

The sublingual and submandibular gland are innervated by ______.

A

CN VII

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16
Q

The parotid gland is innervated by ____.

A

CN IX

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17
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation releases _________ onto the acing cells and results in a watery secretion.

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

__________ induces PKA-mediated exocytosis resulting in more protein rich saliva.

A

Norepinephrine

Via sympathetic nerves

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19
Q

__________ is an autoimmune disorder that causes dry eyes, dry mouth, and joint pain.

A

Sjorgren’s syndrome

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20
Q

Where is the majority of nutrients absorbed into the blood?

A

Small intestine

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21
Q

What are the five categories of useable food?

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Protein
  3. Fat
  4. Vitamins
  5. Minerals
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22
Q

The _________ are essential for digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.

A

brush border ectoenzymes

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23
Q

Complex carbohydrates are broken down into __________.

A

monosaccharides

via digestive enzymes and ectoenzymes

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24
Q

Monosaccharides are passed into blood via ______.

A

GLUT2

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25
Proteins are broken down into peptides in the _______ and the _________.
stomach and small intestine
26
________ is produced in the stomach and cleaved to ________ to degrade protein.
Pepsinogen; pepsin
27
The ________ releases pro-enzymes into small intestine to digest proteins.
pancreas
28
_______ is an essential protease for cleavage of proteins.
Trypsin
29
The brush border enzyme, ___________, is used to activate pro-enzymes.
enteropeptidase
30
Peptides are broken down into _________ which are transported across the epithelial membrane.
amino acids
31
Where are transporters for amino acids found on the epithelial cells?
Brush border and basolateral membrane
32
What are the two classes of amino acid transporters?
Na+ dependent | Na+ independent
33
T/F: Protein is degraded by HCl and proteases.
True
34
_______ breaks down triglyceride into monoglyceride and fatty acids.
Lipase
35
What are the three sources of lipase?
1. Lingual lipase 2. Gastric lipase 3. Pancreatic lipase
36
Fatty acid absorption occurs mainly in the ______.
duodenum
37
T/F: Fats are not water soluble, but lipase are.
True
38
T/F: Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are found in systemic circulation.
False Triglycerides
39
What are the steps in breaking down and absorbing fats?
1. Emulsification 2. Micelle formation 3. Diffusion monoglycerides and fatty acids 4. Formation of triglyceride in epithelial cell 5. Exocytosis of triglyceride
40
Bile salts and ________ are involved in emulsification.
phospholipids
41
Bile salts and _________ are involved with micelle formation.
pancreatic lipase
42
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E, K
43
T/F: Fat soluble vitamins passively diffuse through intestinal epithelial cells.
True Solubilized in micelles
44
Fat soluble vitamins are released into the body with _________.
chylomicrons
45
How are almost all water soluble vitamins absorbed into epithelial cells?
Facilitated or active transport All except for B12
46
Most water absorption occurs in the ________.
small intestine
47
What is highest in areas where glucose and galactose or amino acids are being transported?
Absorption of Na+
48
T/F: Calcium is actively absorbed by all segments of the intestine.
True
49
T/F: Salts are soluble at high pH.
False Low pH
50
The absorption of _____ is strongly enhanced by vitamin D.
Calcium
51
T/F: Absorption of iron is very efficient.
False Less than 10% is absorbed
52
T/F: Both the symp and parasympathetic nervous systems influence the enteric nervous system.
True
53
What are the three pieces of the enteric nervous system?
1. Mucosal plexus 2. submucosal plexus 3. Myenteric nerve plexus
54
What types of neurons are in the ENS?
1. Motor neurons: muscle contraction and gland function 2. Interneurons 3. Sensory neurons
55
What is the difference between a short and long GI reflex?
Short reflex only goes through the GI system. Long reflex goes through the CNS
56
Which four hormones play a large role in regulating digestion?
1. Gastrin 2. CCK 3. Secretin 4. GIP
57
T/F: Regulatory hormones often work in feedback loops and have synergistic effects.
True
58
What is the cephalic phase of GI control?
parasympathetic nerve fibers to the ENS are initiated when receptors in the head are stimulated
59
What is the gastric phase of GI control?
Neural reflexes and gastrin
60
What is the intestinal phase of GI control?
Neural reflexes, secretin, CCK, and GIP
61
The _______ delivers chyme to the duodenum.
stomach
62
What are the three sections of the stomach?
1. fundus 2. body 3. antrum
63
What are the two glandular regions in the stomach?
1. Oxyntic (funds and body) | 2. Pyloric (antrum)
64
What is secreted in the oxyntic region?
mucus, pepsinogen, HCl
65
What is secreted in the pyloric region?
mucus, pepsinogen, and gastrin
66
Which various cells of the stomach secrete which chemicals?
1. Parietal cells - HCl and intrinsic factor | 2. Chief cells - pepsinogen
67
T/F: Parietal cells are found in both the oxyntic and pyloric area of the stomach.
False Oxyntic only
68
What is secreted by mucous neck cells?
Mucous
69
____ is the strongest stimulant for HCl secretion.
Histamine
70
___________ can have direct effects on parietal cells to increase HCl secretion as well as increase histamine release.
Gastrin and Ach
71
What is the intracellular mechanism for HCl release?
Activation of receptors (gastrin, histamine, ACh) -> second messenger -> H+/K+ anti porter ATPase
72
Which hormone inhibits HCl secretion?
Somatostatin Effects G cell and parietal cell
73
G cells release ______.
gastrin
74
D cells release _______.
somatostatin
75
During the gastric phase there is an increase in _______.
gastrin
76
What stimulates the cephalic portion of HCl control?
Sight, smell, taste of food
77
When pH of chyme <3, ________ is produced.
secretin
78
When acid levels are high, ____ will be secreted to lower HCl production.
CCK
79
Secretin and CCK are __________. They inhibit the secretion or motility in the stomach.
enterogastrones
80
What does trypsinogen do?
enterokinase in epithelial cells turns it into trypsin which is used to activate intestinal cells
81
T/F: An increase in intestinal fatty acids and amino acids will lead to an increase in CCK.
True
82
T/F: An increase in CCK will lead to an increase in secretion of enzymes from the pancreas.
True
83
Bicarbonate is secreted by the _______.
Pancreas
84
T/F: An increase in secretin increases bicarbonate secretion.
True
85
____ strongly potentiates the effects of secretin.
CCK
86
The ______ produces bile.
liver
87
T/F: Bile salts are recycled through the enterohepatic circulation.
True
88
An increase in _____ will lead to gallbladder contraction and bile flow into the duodenum.
CCK
89
T/F: Peristalsis is a type of muscle contraction that mixes the chyme/bolus in the small intestine.
False Segmentation
90
T/F: Segmentation contractions occur during absorption.
True
91
What type of contractions occur after absorption is completed?
Peristalsis
92
T/F: Peristalsis is driven by a migrating myoelectric complex.
True
93
Which intestinal hormone initiates peristalsis?
Motilin
94
What is the primary purpose of the large intestine?
Actively transport Na+ from the lumen to the blood
95
Bacterial fermentation of some of the food bolus is done in the _________.
large intestine
96
How is the chyme moved in the stomach?
Peristalsis from body to pyloric sphincter Determined by pacemaker cells
97
How is the chyme moved in the small intestine?
Segmentation and peristalsis
98
How is the chyme moved in the large intestine?
Slow segmentation contraction Massive peristaltic like movements
99
Upon stimulation, _____ levels are increased and this opens the Cl- and K+ channels for saliva release.
Ca2+
100
Glucose and galactose are brought into the epithelium via ______.
SGLT1 With Na+
101
Fructose is brought into the epithelial cell via ______.
GLUT5

AU17: Physiology (12 decks)

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