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Endocrinology > Adrenal gland > Flashcards

Adrenal gland Flashcards

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1
Q

Which types of hormones does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Steroid hormones and catecholamines

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2
Q

The secretory parenchyma of the adrenal gland is organized into which regions?

A

Cortex and medulla

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3
Q

Which type of hormones does the cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormones

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4
Q

Which type of hormones does the medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines

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5
Q

The cortical cells of the adrenal gland originate from which embyologic structure?

A

Mesodermal mesesnchyme

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6
Q

The medulla originates from which embryologic structure?

A

Neural crest

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7
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines?

A

Medulla

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8
Q

Which region of the adrenal glands secretes steroid hormones?

A

Cortex

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9
Q

90% of the adrenal gland is the: cortex or medulla?

A

Cortex

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10
Q

The capsule of the adrenal gland is made up of which tissue type?

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

The adrenal glands are supplied with blood by which arteries?

A

Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries

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12
Q

Which vessels supply the adrenal capsule with blood?

A

Capsular capillaries

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13
Q

Which vessels supply the cortex then drain into the fenestrated medullary capillary sinusoid?

A

Fenestrated cortical sinusoidal capillaries

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14
Q

Which vessels traverse the cortex, travelling within the trabeculae, and bring arterial blood to the medullary capillary sinusoids?

A

Medullary arterioles

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15
Q

What modified neurons make up the medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

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16
Q

Chromaffin cells are like postsynaptic neurons that lack axonal processes. T/F

A

T

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17
Q

What causes the morphological specialization of chromaffin cells?

A

Glucocorticoiud secreted by the adrenal cortex inhibit the axonal formation of chromaffin cells.

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18
Q

Aside from chromaffin cells, which cells may also be seen in the adrenal medulla?

A

Ganglion cells

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19
Q

Which catecholamines does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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20
Q

A single chromaffin cell secretes both epinephrine and norepinephrine. T/F

A

F

TEM reveals two populations of chromaffin cells that secrete one but not the other.

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21
Q

Hormones of the adrenal medulla prepare the body for “fight-or-flight” response. T/F

A

T

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22
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland is divided into three zones on the basis of the arrangements of its cells?

A

Adrenal cortex

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23
Q

The adrenal cortex is divided into which zones?

A

Zona glumerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

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24
Q

Which is the outermost zone of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glumerulosa

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25
Which is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex?
Zona fasciculata
26
Which is the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex?
Zona reticularis
27
Which zone constitutes nearly 80% of the cortical volume?
Zona fasciculata
28
Which zone constututes up to 15% of the cortical volume?
Zona glumerulosa
29
Zona reticulosa is thicker than zona glumerulosa, because of its more central location. T/F
T
30
Zona glumerulosa secretes mainly which hormone?
Aldosterone
31
Which type of steroids does the zona glumerulosa secrete?
Mineralocorticoids
32
Which type of steroids does the zona fasciculata secrete?
Glucocorticoids
33
Which zone has large and polyhedral cells?
Zona fasciculata
34
Which zone is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Zona glumerulosa
35
Which zone is next to the medulla?
Zona reticularis
36
Which steroids does the innermost cortical zone secrete?
Glucocorticoids and androgens
37
Which cortical zone has relatively smaller cells than zona fasciculata and more deeply stained nucei?
Zona reticularis
38
Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla is derived from which amino acid?
Tyrosine
39
Hydroxylation of tyrosine in chromaffin cells in the synthesis of catecholamines is by which enzyme?
Tyrosine hydroxylase
40
Hydroxylation of tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase produce which intermediate?
Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
41
DOPA is converted into which hormone by a cytoplasmic enzyme?
Dopamine
42
Dopamine is converted into which hormone by β-hydroxylase?
Norepinephrnine
43
Norepinephrine is converted into which intermediate before being converted to epinephrine?
Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)
44
Secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine is regulated by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) signals.
Sympathetic
45
What is the chemical signal for secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
46
Cholinergic receptors on chromaffin cells: muscarinic or nicotinic?
Nicotinic
47
ACh increases the activity of which rate-limiting enzymes to promote secretion of catecholamines?
Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase
48
Adrenergic receptors are generally classified into which groups?
α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptors
49
β-adrenergic receptors are divided into which groups?
β1, β2, β3
50
α-adrenergic receptors are divided into which groups?
α1 and α2
51
During stress, cortisol A. increases blood glucose by gluconeogenesis in liver B. promotes breakdown of muscle proteins C. facilitates glucose uptake in muscle and adipose D. AOTA
A
52
Which hormone does zona fasciculata secrete?
Cortisol
53
Which hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
54
Which hormone stimulates cortisol synthesis?
ACTH
55
ACTH has rapid, intermediate and long term effects on the function of zona fasciculata. Which is a target for rapid effects? ``` A. Adrenal hypertrophy B. Cortisol secretion C. StAR activation D. CYP21A2 expression E. LDL receptor expression ```
C
56
A patient is under immunosuppressive dose of glucocorticoids. At the end of his therapy, the dose of the hormone must be slowly tapered over a period of weeks. This is due to ``` A. Adrenal atrophy B. Pituitary hypertrophy C. Upregulation of glucocorticoid receptors D. Elevated ACTH levels E. Increased level of CRH ```
A
57
Cortisol can bind to both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. In the distal nephrons, the binding of cortisol to mineraloid receptors is inhibited by: a) Competitive inhibition of aldosterone b) Glucoronide conjugation c) Conversion to cortisone d) Rapid excretion e) Binding to heat shock chaperone protein
C
58
A patient has been receiving immunosuppressive doses of cortisol for six months. The plasma level of ACTH is expected to be: a. increase b. decrease c. no change d. any
b
59
A decrease in ACTH levels leads to a. decrease in cortisol levels b. decrease in adrenomedullary epinephrine secretion c. decrease in hepatic protein synthesis d. AOTA
a
60
ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete a. cortisol b. aldosterone c. androgen d. AOTA
d
61
Which of the following hormones inhibit bone formation? A. Androgens B. Cortisol C. Thyroid hormone D. Estrogen
B
62
Cortisol is transported in blood predominantly bound to which protein?
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) or transcortin
63
Cortisol is also transported in blood by binding with albumin. T/F
T
64
How long is the circulating half-life of cortisol?
70 minutes
65
Cortisol is reversibly inactivated by conversion to which form?
Cortisone
66
Cortisol acts primarily through which receptor?
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
67
Cortisol is a stress hormones. T/F
T
68
Cortisol (stimulates/inhibits) gluconeogenesis.
Stimulates
69
Cortisol (increases/decreases) blood glucose.
Increases
70
Cortisol (enhances/decreases) gene expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes PEPCK, F1,6-BP, G6Pase.
Enhances
71
Cortisol (enhances/decreases) GLUT 4-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
Decreases
72
During interdigestive period/low insulin-glucose ratio, cortisol promotes glucose sparing by potentiating the effects of catecholamines on lipolysis, thereby making FFAs available as energy source. T/F
T
73
Cortisol (increases/decreases) FFAs availability.
Increases
74
Cortisol (promotes/inhibits) glucose sparing.
Promotes
75
Cortisol increase (protein synthesis/proteolysis)
Proteolysis
76
Cortisol increases the synthesis which hormone that increases RBC production?
Erythropoetin
77
Anemia occurs when cortisol is (excessive/deficient)
Deficient
78
Polycythemia occurs when cortisol is (excessive/deficient)
Excessive
79
(Anemia/polycythemia) occurs when cortisol is deficient.
Anemia
80
(Anemia/polycythemia) occurs when cortisol is excessive.
Polycythemia
81
Cortisol, together with epinephrine and norepinephrine, (inhibits/enhances) the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and (represses/stimulates) the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Inhibit, stimulates
82
High cortisol levels (increase/decrease) the circulating T lymphocytes, particularly which lymphocyte?
Decrease helper T cells
83
Cortisol (increases/decreases) the function of the reproductive axis at the hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal levels.
Decreases
84
Glucocorticoids (increase/decrease) bone resorption.
Increase
85
Glucocorticoids inhibit bone (resorptioin/formation).
Formation
86
Glucocorticoids (increase/decrease) intestinal Ca absorption and renal Ca reabsorption.
Decrease
87
Why does the skin thin and get easily damaged in the presence of excessive amounts of cortisol?
Because cortisol inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation.
88
Cortisol is an (agonist/antagonist) of ADH.
Antagonist
89
Cortisol (inhibits/stimulates) the renal secretion of ADH.
Inhibits
90
Muscle weakness and pain are common symptoms of (deficient/excessive) levels of cortisol.
Excessive
91
The absence of cortisol (decreases/increases) GI motility and GI acid and enzyme production, (degenerates/enhances) GI mucosa.
Decreases, degenerates
92
The zona reticularis appears after birth at what age?
Five
93
Adrenal androgens, especially DHEAS, become detectable in the circulation production at what age?
Six
94
What is adrenarche?
The onset of adrenal androgen production. It contributes to the appearance of axillary and pubic hair at about the age 8.
95
Which is the primary regulator of the zona reticularis?
ACTH
96
Zona reticularis secrete which hormones?
Androgens
97
Which zone of the adrenal cortex is regulated primarily by the renin-angiotensin system, plasma [K+] and ANP?
Zona glumerulosa
98
Which zone does not have CYP17?
Zona glumerulosa
99
Which zone has CYP11B2?
Zona glumerulosa

Endocrinology (6 decks)

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