Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What are the two functional components of the pituitary gland?
A
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) and neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
2
Q
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from which embryological origin?
A
An evagination of the ectoderm of the oropharynx
3
Q
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from which embryological origin?
A
A downgrowth of neuroectoderm of the floor of the third ventricle
4
Q
What are the three parts of the adenohypophysis?
A
Pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
5
Q
What are the parts of the neurohypophysis?
A
Pars nervosa, infundibulum
6
Q
Which part comprises the bulk of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
A
Pars distalis
7
Q
Which part of the adenohypophysis regresses and is absent in adult humans?
A
Pars intermedia
8
Q
Which part of the adenohypophysis forms a collar or sheath around the infundibulum?
A
Pars tuberalis
9
Q
Which part of the adenohypophysis develops from the thickened lateral walls of the pouch?
A
Pars tuberalis
10
Q
Which part of the neurohypophysis contains neurosecretory axons and their endings?
A
Pars nervosa
11
Q
Which part of the neurohypophyis is continuous with the median emience and contains the neurosecretory axons forming the hypothalamohypophyseal tracts?
A
Infundibulum
12
Q
What are the two sets of vessels that supply the pituitary blood?
A
Superior hypophyseal arteries and inferior hypophyseal arteries
13
Q
Which set of vessels supply the pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum?
A
Superior hypophyseal arteries
14
Q
Which set of vessels supply the pars nervosa?
A
Inferior hypophyseal arteries
15
Q
Which set of vessels that supply the pituitary gland with blood arise soley from the internal carotid arteries?
A
Inferior hypophyseal arteries
16
Q
From which vessels of the pituitary gland does the superior hypophyseal arteries arise?
A
Internal carotid arteries and posterior communicating artery of the circle of Willis
17
Q
From which vessels of the pituitary gland does the inferior hypophyseal arteries arise?
A
Internal carotid artery
18
Q
Which part of the pituitary gland does the inferior hypophyseal arteries supply?
A
Pars nervosa
19
Q
Most of the posterior part of the pituitary gland has no direct arterial supply. T/F
A
F
It’s most of the anterior part that does not have direct arterial supply.
20
Q
Which part of the pituitary gland make up the pituitary stalk?
A
Infundibulum and pars tuberalis
21
Q
The arteries that supply the pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum give rise to which vessels?
A
Thr primary capillary plexus or fenestrated capillaries
22
Q
The primary capillary plexus drains into which vein?
A
Hypophyseal portal veins
23
Q
The hypophyseal portal veins run along which structure?
A
Pars tuberalis
24
Q
Which part of the pituitary gland secretes tropic hormones?
A
Adenohypophysis
25
What are the tropic hormones?
Adrenocorticotropic hormoine (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
26
Which hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?
```
Adrenocorticotropic hormoine (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
```
27
Why are GH and PRL not considered tropic hormones?
Because they act directly on target organs that are not endocrine.
28
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones that regulate the activity of cells in other endocrine glands throughout the body
29
Which hormones of the adenohyoophysis are not tropic hormones?
```
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
```
30
What are the three types of cells in the pars distalis based on staining properties?
Basophils, acidophils and chromophobes
31
Which are most numerous in the pars distalis: basophils, acidophils and chromophobes?
Chromophobes
32
What are the five cell types of the pars distalis based on immunocytochemical reactions?
```
Somatotropes (GH cells)
Lactotropes (PRL cells, mammotropes)
Corticotropes (ACTH cells)
Gonadotropes (FSH and LH cells)
Thyrotropes ( TSH cells)
```
33
50% of the pars distalis consists of which functional cell types?
Somatotropes (GH cells)
34
Which
hormones regulate GH secretion?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin and ghrelin
35
Which cells secrete GH?
Somatotropes
36
Which hormones stimulate the secretion of somatotropin?
GHRH and ghrelin
37
Which hormone inhibits secretion of somatotropin?
Somatostatin
38
Which hormone inhibits secretion of somatotrophin?
Somatostatin
39
Lactotropes secrete which hormone?
Prolactin
40
Lactotropes are acidophils, basophils or chromatophobes?
They have the acidophilic granules of acidophils during storage phase, but are unstained like chromophobes after secretion of vessels
41
Which hormone inhibit PRL secretion?
Dopamine
42
GHRH (inhibits/stimulates) somatotropin secretion.
Stimulate
43
Somatostatin (inhibits/stimulates) somatotropin secretion.
Inhibit
44
Dopamine (inhibits/stimulates) PRL secretion.
Inhibit
45
Ghrelin (inhibits/stimulates) somatotropin secretion.
Stimulate
46
TRH (inhibits/stimulates) PRL secretion.
Stimulate
47
VIP (inhibits/stimulates) PRL secretion.
Stimulate
48
Corticotropes are acidophils, basophils or chromophobes?
Basophils
49
Corticotropes secrete which hormone?
Adrenocortocotropic hormone (ACTH)
50
Which hypothalamic hormone regulates ACTH?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
51
Gonadotropes secrete which hormones?
```
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
```
52
Gonadortopes are acidophils, basophils or chromophobes?
Basophils
53
All gonadotropes secrete both LH and FSH. T/F
F
Some can only secrete one hormone or the other.
54
Which hypothalamic hormone regulates the secretion of FSH and LH?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
55
Thyrotropes secrete which hormone?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
56
Thyrotropes are acidophils, basophils or chromophobes?
Basophils
57
Which of the five functional cells of the pars distalis are acidophils?
Somatotropes, lactotropes (at storage stage),
58
Which of the five functional cells of the pars distalis are basophils?
Corticotropes, gonadotropes and thyrotropes
59
Which of the five functional cells of the pars distalis are chromophobes?
Lactotropes (after secretion)
60
Pars intermedia has acidophils, basophils or chromophobes?
Basophils and chromophobes
61
The parenchyma cells of the pars intermedia surround colloid-filled follicles. T/F
T
62
Which of the ff are direct effects of GH?
a. increased glucose uptake in muscle and adipose
b. increased lypolysis
c. increased protein synthesis
d. aota
e. b and c
e
63
Which of the ff decrease TSH secretion?
a. iodine deficiency
b. high t3 and t4
c. leptin
d. aota
b
64
TSH is structurally similar to
a. LH
b. FSH
c. hCG
d. AOTA
d
65
TSH is structurally similar to
a. LH
b. FSH
c. hCG
d. AOTA
d
66
Prolactin secretion is inhibited by
A. Epinephrine
B. Dopamine
C. Norepinephrine
D. AOTA
B
67
ACTH has rapid, intermediate and long term
effects on the function of zona fasciculata. Which is a target for rapid effects?
```
A. Adrenal hypertrophy
B. Cortisol secretion
C. StAR activation
D. CYP21A2 expression
E. LDL receptor expression
```
C
68
In contrast, the pituitary gland secretes
A. Tropic hormones
B. Steroid hormones
C. Releasing hormones
A
69
The major target of growth hormone, which determines the circulating levels of IGF-1, is
```
A. pituitary gland
B. muscle
C. liver
D. kidney
E. intestine
```
C
70
The pituitary hormone under predominantly inhibitory control by the hypothalamus:
a. growth hormone
b. TSH
c. somatostatin
d. prolactin
e. ACTH
d
71
the following are parts of your adenohypophysis except:
a. anterior lobe
b. pars intermedia
c. pars tuberalis
d. median eminence
d
72
Which effects of GH is/are indicated by IGF-1?
A. Increased organ size.
B. Linear growth
C. Increase cell size and number.
D. AOTA.
D
73
Growth hormone is stimulated by
A. sleep
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Both
D. neither
A
74
The ff are functions of prolactin except:
a. promotes mammary gland devt
b. promotes lactogenesis
c. promotes milk ejection
d. none of d above
c
75
Prolactin secretion is stimulated by:
A. Nursing
B. Pregnancy
C. Estrogen
D. All of the above
d
76
A decrease in ACTH levels leads to
a. decrease in cortisol levels
b. decrease in adrenomedullary epinephrine
secretion
c. decrease in hepatic protein synthesis
d. AOTA
a
77
GH stimulates the liver to produce
a. somatomedin
b. somatotropin
c. somatostatin
d. AOTA
a
78
ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete
a. cortisol
b. aldosterone
c. androgen
d. AOTA
d
79
The pars nervosa contains (myelinated/unmyelinated) axonx and their nerve endings whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus.
Unmyelinated
80
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is an endocrine gland. T/F
F
It is a storage site for neurosecretions of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclein of the hypothalamus.
81
Inhibition of pituitary gland by dopamine secretion of hypothalamus: short loop or long loop?
Short loop
82
Inhibition of hypothalamus by thyroid hormones: short loop or long loop?
Long loop
83
The following are effects of oxytocin except:
A. Maternal behavior
B. Contraction of myoepithelium of the breast
C. Inhibition of prolactin release
D. Contraction of myometrium of uterus
C
84
Important regulator of circadian hormonal rhythms
```
A. PVN
B. SON
C. Superior fornix
D. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
E. Arcuate nucleus
```
D
85
The growth hormone receptor
```
A. activates Gs
B. Requires dimerization
C. Must be internalized to exert its effects
D. Resembles IGF-1 receptor
E. Resembles ACTH receptor
```
D
86
Magnocellular hypothalamic neurons secrete
```
A. ADH
B. CRH
C. GHRH
D. GnRH
E. AOTA
```
A
87
Example of short-looped feedback
a. GH inhibition of GHRH
b. cortisol inhibition of ACTH
c. FSH inhibition of estrogen
d. somatostatin inhibition of TSH
a
88
Hypothalamic releasing hormones are secreted from neuroendocrine neurons at the
a. median eminence
b. pars distalis
c. paraventricular nucleus
d. pars nervosa
e. infundibular stalk
a
89
The major target of growth hormone, which determines the circulating levels of IGF-1, is
```
A. pituitary gland
B. muscle
C. liver
D. kidney
E. intestine
```
c
90
The preprohormone preprovasopressin is synthesized in the
```
A. pars nervosa
B. median eminence
C. hypothalamic nuclei
D. pars distalis
E. infundibular stalk
```
c
91
Which effects of GH is/are indicated by IGF-1?
A. Increased organ size.
B. Linear growth
C. Increase cell size and number.
D. AOTA.
D
92
Growth hormone is stimulated by
A. sleep
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Both
D. neither
A
93
Pituitary glycoproteins are heterodimers each consisting of a common alpha subunit and a unique beta subunit. Pituitary glycoproteins include:
a. TSH, GH, LH
b. hCG, TSH, LH
c. prolactin, GH, ACTH
d. FSH, LH, TSH
e. FSH, LH, prolactin
d
94
During fasting, what is the first energy store to be utilized for blood glucose?
a. Muscle glycogen
b. Ketone bodies
c. Muscle protein
d. Hepatic glycogen
D
95
True of the pituitary acidophils
a. takes up anilene blue stain easily
b. secretes prolactin
c. abundant in the posterolateral part of the pars intermedia
d. possess
e. AOTA
B
96
Hormone secretion regulated by hypothalamus
a. adenohypophysis
b. neurohypophysis
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
C
97
Stimulates GH secretion: hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
98
Stimulates GH secretion: FFA or AA?
AA
99
Inhibits GH secretion: somatostatin or GHRH?
Somatostatin
100
Inhibits GH secretion: basal cortisol or pharmacologic cortisol?
Pharmacologic
101
Deep sleep: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?
Stimulates
102
Thyroid hormone: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?
Stimulates
103
Inhibits GH: progesterone or estrogen?
Progesterone
104
Cortisol: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?
Basal levels: stimulate
| Pharmacologic intake: inhibit
105
Hyperglycemia: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?
Inhibit
106
Stress: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?
Stimulates
107
Stomatomedin: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?
Inhibit
108
Stomatomedin is secrete by which organ?
Liver
109
GHRH: inhibits or stimulates GH secretion?
Stimulates
110
What type of receptor is the growth hormone receptor?
JAK-STAT
111
The indirect effects of GH are affected by which molecule?
IGF or stomatomedin
112
GH (promotes/inhibits) protein synthesis
Promotes
113
GH (promotes/inhibits) glucose uptake
Inhibits
114
GH (promotes/inhibits) lipolysis
Promotes
115
GH promotes (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis)
Gluconeogenesis
116
GH (promotes/inhibits) amino acid uptake
Promotes
117
GH (increases/decreases) collagen synthesis
Increases
118
Acromegaly is brought about by the excess of which hormone?
GH
119
TRH (stimulates/inhibits) prolactin
Stimulates
120
Which hormone stimulates milk production?
Prolactin
121
Which hormone stimulates milk let-down?
Oxytocin
122
Pregnancy and nursing (stimulates/inhibits) prolactin
Stimulates
123
Stress (stimulates/inhibits) prolactin
Stimulates
124
Which hormone is structurally analogous to prolactin?
GH
125
Which hormone is structurally analogous to oxytocin?
ADH
126
Which hormone is structurally analogous to GH?
Prolactin
127
Which hormone is structurally analogous to ADH?
Oxytocin
128
What type of receptor is the prolactin receptor?
JAK-STAT
129
ADH and oxytocin are different by how many amino acids?
Two
130
(Increase/decrease) in osmolality stimulates ADH secretion
Increase
131
(Increase/decrease) in plasma volume stimulates ADH secretion
Decrease
132
(Increase/decrease) in temperature stimulates ADH secretion
Increase
133
Stimulates ADH secrection: cortisol or stress?
Stress
134
Inhibits ADH secretion: Pain or Ethanol?
Ethanol
135
Which type of receptor is the ADH receptor in the kidney?
G protein-coupled receptor
136
Which receptors of ADH increase the number of aquaporins in the apical membrane?
V2 receptors
137
Which aquaporins in the kidney are ADH dependent?
AQP2
138
Suckling (stimulates/inhibits) secretion of oxytocin
Stimulates
139
Oxytocin: positive or negative feedback?
Positive
140
Which hormone stimulates milk let-down?
Oxytocin
