ADRENAL GLAND (Part 1) (Introduction, layers, synthesis, fate and transportation of the adrenal gland)

Question 1

the adrenal medulla, is ____% to ___% of the gland.

Answer 1

10% to 20%

Question 2

Depending on blood flow, the adrenal medulla color ranges from ___ to ____

Answer 2

gray to dark red.

Question 3

Surrounding the adrenal medulla is a much thicker _________,

Answer 3

adrenal cortex

Question 4

The adrenal cortex, constituting ____% to ___ % of the gland

Answer 4

80% to 90%

Question 5

The adrenal cortex is yellowishin color due to its high concentration of _________ and other lipids.

Answer 5

cholesterol

Question 6

The adrenal medulla secretes __________ _____,

Answer 6

catecholamine hormones ( Epinephrine and Noreinephrine)

Question 7

The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamine hormones, which complement the _______________ in the “fight-or-flight” reaction.

Answer 7

sympathetic nervous system

Question 8

Catecholamine helps to respond to ____________ Situations

Answer 8

Emotionally Stressful

Question 9

The adrenal cortex secretes ___1_____ Hormones called ____2_____

Answer 9

1. steroid hormones

2. Corticosterioids

Question 10

The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones (Corticosterioids) that participate in the regulation of _________ and ______ balance

Answer 10

mineral and energy balance

Question 11

The Hormone Corticosteriod are all from steriod especially__________

Answer 11

CHOLESTEROL

Question 12

The adrenal medulla is derived from embryonic neural crest __________

Answer 12

ectoderm

Question 13

The adrenal cortex is derived from ___________

Answer 13

Mesoderm

Question 14

The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamine hormones (mainly ___1_____, with lesser amounts of _____2____)

Answer 14

1. epinephrine

2. norepinephrine

Question 15

The catecholamine hormones are secreted in response to stimulation by _________sympathetic axons.

NB: Remember catecholamine complement the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

preganglionic

Question 16

The adrenal cortex are stimulated hormonally by the ___________ secreted from the anterior pituitary

Answer 16

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Question 17

The cortex consists of three zones:

Answer 17

1. outer zona glomerulosa. (which secrete Aldosterone a MINERALCORTICOIDS)
2. middle zona fasciculata. (which secrete Cortisol and Cortisone which are GLUCOCORTICOIDS)
3. inner zona reticularis.(which secrete Androgens and Estrogens which are SEX STEROIDS)

Question 18

The adrenal cortex, which surrounds the medulla, produces more than 25 steroid hormones, known collectively as the _____1______ or corticoids.
Only ____2____ of them, however, are produced in physiologically significant amounts;

The five most important corticosteroids fall into ____ categories

Answer 18

1. corticosteroids
2. five
3. three (MINERALCORTICOIDS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS, SEX STERIOIDS)

Question 19

The Zona glomerulosa (“full of little balls”) refers to the fact that many of its cells are arranged in____________

Answer 19

rounded clusters.

Question 20

The zona glomerulosa secretes mainly _________, a mineralocorticoid

Answer 20

aldosterone

Question 21

The zona glomerulosa contain the enzyme ______________ , which is necessary for synthesis of aldosterone.

Answer 21

aldosterone synthase

Question 22

The Aldosterone secretions are stimulated by:

the extracellular fluid concentrations of _________ and _________

Answer 22

angiotensin II and potassium

Question 23

Aldosterone in turn stimulates the kidneys to retain ______ in the body fluids and excrete _____ in the urine.

Answer 23

sodium, potassium

Question 24

Sodium reabsorption is followed by water reabsorption.

Thus water is retained with sodium by osmosis, aldosterone helps to maintain ________ and __________.

Answer 24

blood volume , and blood pressure

Question 25

FUNCTIONS OF: MINERALCORTICOIDS - GLUCOCORTICOIDS- SEX STERIODS-

Answer 25

MINERALCORTICOIDS - Regulate the Body Electrolyte and Mineral Balance of Water GLUCOCORTICODS - Regulate the metabolism of glucose, there release stress and they are anti - inflammatory. SEX STERIODS- Involved in various Development and Reproductive Functions.

Question 26

The cells of the zona fasciculata are called _________ because of a foamy appearance imparted by an abundance of cytoplasmic lipid droplets.

Answer 26

1. spongiocytes

Question 27

The zona fasciculata secretes _____1____ in response to ______2____ from the pituitary.

Answer 27

1. glucocorticoids | 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

Question 28

The most potent of these is ____1____ (hydrocortisone), but some effect is due to the less potent _____2______.

Answer 28

1. Cortisol | 2. Corticosterone

Question 29

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) stimulate: 1. 2. 3.

Answer 29

1. fat and protein catabolism ( increase the rate at which adipose tissue breaks down Triglycerides into fatty acid and decrease protein synthesis) 2. gluconeogenesis, 3. the release of fatty acids and glucose into the blood. NB: Catabolism is a set of metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller units.

Question 30

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) stimulate: 1. fat and protein ________ ( increase the rate at which adipose tissue breaks down Triglycerides into fatty acid and decrease protein synthesis) 2. glucon___nesis, 3. the release of fatty acids and _____ into the blood. NB: Catabolism is a set of metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller units.

Answer 30

1. catabolism 2. gluconeogenesis, 3. glucose

Question 31

_________ has body adapt to stress and repair damaged tissues.

Answer 31

Glucocorticoids

Question 32

______ also have an anti-inflammatory effect and are widely used in ointments to relieve swelling and other signs of inflammation.

Answer 32

Glucocorticoids NB; Glucocorticoids decrease the effectiveness of our immune system

Question 33

The Zona Reticularis is the secrete ___________________

Answer 33

SEX STERIODS (ANDROGEN FOR MALE and ESTROGEN FOR FEMALE)

Question 34

The adrenal androgens Hormones are: 1. 2.

Answer 34

1. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (More Amount) | 2. androstenedione (Lesser Amount)

Question 35

The adrenal androgens Hormones are: 1. de_______sterone (DHEA) (More Amount) 2. ____stenedione (Lesser Amount)

Answer 35

1. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (More Amount) | 2. androstenedione (Lesser Amount)

Question 36

The adrenocortical hormones belongs to the ______ class of hormones. NB: Adrenocortical Hormones are Hormones of the adrenal gland i.e glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Cortisone), Mineralcorticoid (Aldosterone), Sex Steroid (Androgen and Estrogen)

Answer 36

steroid NB: Adrenocortical Hormones are Hormones of the adrenal gland i.e glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Cortisone), Mineralcorticoid (Aldosterone), Sex Steroid (Androgen and Estrogen)

Question 37

The precursor for the synthesis of this Aderenocortical hormone is ___________

Answer 37

cholesterol

Question 38

Adrenocortical Hormones are Hormones of the ___________ i.e glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Cortisone), Mineralcorticoid (Aldosterone), Sex Steroid (Androgen and Estrogen)

Answer 38

adrenal gland

Question 39

The cholesterol is either obtained from: 1. 2.

Answer 39

1. diet (approximately 300mg cholesterol is gotten from diet) 2. acetate by a CoA reductase enzyme (approximately 600mg cholesterol is gotten from acetate)

Question 40

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (More Amount) and androstenedione (Lesser Amount) are weak androgens with little biological activity in themselves, but many tissues convert them to the much more potent androgen, ____________.

Answer 40

testosterone

Question 41

In both sexes, androgens induce:

Answer 41

1. the growth of pubic and axillary hair 2. apocrine scent glands in puberty 3. stimulate the libido (sex drive)

Question 42

In both sexes, androgens induce: 1. the growth of _____ and axillary hair 2. apocrine _____ glands in puberty 3. stimulate the _____ (sex drive)

Answer 42

1. pubic 2. scent 3. libido

Question 43

The main adrenal estrogen (for female) is ________

Answer 43

Estradiol

Question 44

In men, the large amount of testosterone secreted by the______ overshadows that produced by conversion of adrenal DHEA.

Answer 44

testes

Question 45

The Adrenal estrogen (estradiol) is ____________ compared with estrogen from the ovaries.

Answer 45

Small in quantity

Question 46

After ________, however, the ovaries no longer function and only the adrenals secrete estrogen.

Answer 46

menopause

Question 47

Both androgens and estrogens promote:

Answer 47

1. adolescent skeletal growth | 2. help to sustain adult bone mass.

Question 48

Both androgens and estrogens promote: 1. adolescent ________ growth 2. help to sustain adult _____ mass.

Answer 48

1. skeletal | 2. bone

Question 49

In the adrenal cortex, about 80% of cholesterol required for steroid synthesis is captured by receptors which bind ____________

Answer 49

low-density lipoproteins (LDL) Nb: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol may also be taken up by adrenal cells.

Question 50

The remaining 20% is synthesized from _______ within the adrenal cells

Answer 50

acetate

Question 51

Cholesterol can be stored as ________ in lipid Droplets

Answer 51

esters

Question 52

The first stage in the synthesis of adrenal steroids: 1. Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters 2. Active transfer of free cholesterol To the outer membrane of the mitochondria by a _____________________

Answer 52

Sterol Transfer Protein

Question 53

The first stage in the synthesis of adrenal steroids: 1. 2. To the OUTER MEMBRANE of the MITOCHONDRIA by a Sterol Transfer Protein

Answer 53

1. Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters | 2. Active transfer of free cholesterol

Question 54

Second step on the synthesis of adrenal steriods: 1. The transfer of hydrophobic cholesterol to the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE is chaperoned by a _____________________ protein NB: It is during the second step that the first enzymatic process in steroid hormone synthesis occurs. The enzyme, known as side chain cleavage enzyme P450scc Cholesterol Desmolase

Answer 54

steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) NB: It is during the second step that the first enzymatic process in steroid hormone synthesis occurs. The enzyme, known as side chain cleavage enzyme P450scc Cholesterol Desmolase

Question 55

Cholesterol Desmolase or side chain clevage enzyme, P450 convert cholesterol to _________

Answer 55

Pregnenolone

Question 56

Cholesterol is converted to Pregnenolone by _______________

Answer 56

Cholesterol Desmolase or side chain clevage enzyme P450n

Question 57

Pregnenolone is converted to Progesterone or 17α-hydroxypregnenolone in the ________________

Answer 57

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

Pregnenolone is converted to ________ or ____________ in the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum REMEMBER: Cholesterol is converted to Pregnenolone via Cholesterol Desmolase

Answer 58

Progesterone or 17α-hydroxypregnenolone REMEMBER: Cholesterol is converted to Pregnenolone via Cholesterol Desmolase

Question 59

Progesterone ( a derivative of pregnenolone) is converted ___________ and then _________by the process of Hydr__lation

Answer 59

Corticosterone, aldosterone, Hydroxylation

Question 60

17α-hydroxypregnenolone is converted to __________ and __________

Answer 60

androgens, cortisol

Question 61

Expression of cholesterol desmolase depends on the presence of __________________ a hypothalamic hormone.

Answer 61

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH

Question 62

In the absence of _______________ no adrenocortical hormones are produced.

Answer 62

adrenocortical hormones ACTH

Question 63

cortisol (majority, 90 - 95) in the plasma binds to plasma proteins (globulin) known as ______________ or _______ and, 1to a lesser extent, to albumin. NB: cortisol binds to 1. Globulins or plasma proteins majorly and 2. Albumin

Answer 63

1. cortisol-binding globulin or transcortin 2. albumin NB: cortisol binds to 1. Globulins or plasma proteins majorly and 2. Albumin

Question 64

, cortisol has a relatively long half-life of _____ to ____ minutes

Answer 64

60 to 90 minutes

Question 65

Aldosterone bind to 1. ______________ NB: About 60% of aldosterone bind to plasma protein thereby leaving the remaining 40%in its free form

Answer 65

1. plasma protein or Globulins NB: About 60% of aldosterone bind to plasma protein thereby leaving the remaining 40%in its free form

Question 66

Aldosterone to have a relatively short half-life of about _____ minutes.

Answer 66

20 minutes

Question 67

elimination of cortisol form the plasma is slow due to its _____binding affinity to plasma proteins

Answer 67

high

Question 68

Adrenocortical hormones are degraded in the ___1___ THEN There are CONJUGATED to from _____2____ and _____2_____ THEN These conjugates ( Glucuronic acid and Sulfate) are filtered by the ___3__ and Excreted in the ___3__ NB: GLUCURONIC ACID and SULFATE are Inactive and do not have MINERALCORTICOID and GLUCOCORTICOID ACTIVITIES.

Answer 68

1. LIVER 2. GLUCORONIC ACID (majorly) and SULFATE (minority). 3. kidney and urine NB: GLUCURONIC ACID and SULFATE are Inactive and do not have MINERALCORTICOID and GLUCOCORTICOID ACTIVITIES.

Question 69

Adrenocortical hormones are degraded in the Liver then there are conjugated to form GLUCORONIC ACID (majorly) and SULFATE (minority). The conjugates ( Glucuronic acid and Sulfate) are filtered by the Kidney and Excreted in the Urine thus : 1. Diseases of the liver markedly depress the rate of ________ of adrenocortical hormones 2. kidney diseases reduce the _____ of the inactive conjugates.

Answer 69

1. inactivation | 2. excretion