Adrenal Glands

Question 1

2 parts of adrenal glands

Answer 1

cortex medulla

Question 2

cortex of adrenal gland develops from the ___

Answer 2

mesoderm

Question 3

medulla of the adrenal gland develops from the

Answer 3

neural crest cells (neuroectoderm)

Question 4

what develops first cortex or medulla for adrenal glands

Answer 4

cortex

Question 5

cortex:
6 weeks: proliferation of mesoderm from _____
penetrates the ____, becomes _____

Answer 5

post abd wall
retroperitoneum
primitive adrenal cortex

Question 6

cortex:
8 weeks: separates from _____ and is surrounded by ____

Answer 6

peritoneal surface
connective tissue (capsule)

Question 7

after birth, the primitve adrenal cortex involutes and disappears by the age of ____

Answer 7

1

Question 8

at ___ years of age, the adrenal cortex differentiates into ____ zones

Answer 8

3
3

Question 9

medulla
7 weeks: neural crest cells migrate and invade the ____ side of the cortex
cells differentiate into the _____ of the adrenal medulla

Answer 9

medial
chromaffin cells

Question 10

adrenal glands AKA

Answer 10

suprarenal glands

Question 11

adrenal glands surrounded by (2)

Answer 11

perinephric fat
Gerota’s fascia

Question 12

are adrenal glands fixed

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

adrenal glands:
_____ length
_____ width
_____ AP

Answer 13

4-6cm
2-3cm
3-6mm

Question 14

newborn kidneys are proportionately ____ (____ of kidney size)

Answer 14

larger
1/3

Question 15

5 shapes of adrenal glands

Answer 15

pyramidal
semilunar (crescent)
V
Y
Z

Question 16

left adrenal is slightly ____ than right

Answer 16

larger

Question 17

R adrenal gland is ____ and _____ to IVC

Answer 17

post
lat

Question 18

L adrenal gland has ____ portion ____ to panc and splenic vessels

Answer 18

inf
post

Question 19

what 3 arteries supply adrenal glands and where does each artery come from

Answer 19

superior suprarenal arteries from the inferior phrenic arteries
middle suprarenal artery off aorta
inferior suprarenal artery off renal artery

Question 20

right suprarenal vein drains into ___, left suprarenal vein drains into ___

Answer 20

IVC
LRV

Question 21

cortex makes up ____ of adrenal glands

Answer 21

90%

Question 22

cortex secretes _____ hormones (3 examples)

Answer 22

steroid
corticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadal hormones

Question 23

are the adrenal glands essential for life

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

cortex release controlled by a ____ feedback system

Answer 24

negative

Question 25

3 layers of adrenal cortex

Answer 25

zona glomerulosa: outer zona fasciculata: middle zona reticularis: inner

Question 26

zone glomerulusa releases

Answer 26

mineralcorticoids - aldosterone

Question 27

increase aldosterone = ___ and _____ retention by body

Answer 27

sodium water

Question 28

zona fasciculata releases and their function

Answer 28

glucocorticoids - cortison, hydrocortisone metabolism, immune response suppression, helps resits mental and physical stress

Question 29

zona reticularis releases

Answer 29

sex hormones - androgens and estrogens

Question 30

medulla of adrenal gland functions is _____

Answer 30

fight or flight

Question 31

medulla of adrenal gland secretes

Answer 31

catecholamines

Question 32

what are two catecholamines

Answer 32

epinephrine norepinephrine

Question 33

fight/flight: ____ HR ____ vessels ____ BP ____ respiration ____ respiratory passages ____ digestion ____ blood sugar levels

Answer 33

increase constricts increases increases dilation decreased increases

Question 34

ACTH released by

Answer 34

ant pituitary

Question 35

ACTH tested in (serum, blood, urine)

Answer 35

serum

Question 36

ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete ____, ____, and ____

Answer 36

cortisol androgens aldosterone

Question 37

ACTH is elevated in ____ and ____

Answer 37

Cushing's disease Primary adrenal hypofunction

Question 38

aldosterone is a _____ secreted by ____

Answer 38

mineralcorticoid adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)

Question 39

aldosterone is increased in ____, _____ and ____

Answer 39

adenoma adrenal carcinoma adrenocorticohyperplasia

Question 40

aldosterone is decreased in ______

Answer 40

hypofunctioning adrenal

Question 41

aldosterone is tested by (serum, blood, urine)

Answer 41

serum and urine

Question 42

cortisol is measured in (serum, blood, urine)

Answer 42

blood and urine

Question 43

cortisol is a _____ secreted by the _____

Answer 43

glucocorticoids adrenal cortex

Question 44

cortisol increased in _____, _____, _____. and ______

Answer 44

hyperthyroidism stress some types of obesity adrenal hyperfunction

Question 45

cortisol decreased in ______ and _____

Answer 45

adrenal hypofunction hypothyroidism

Question 46

catecholamines are hormones secreted by the _____

Answer 46

adrenal medulla

Question 47

for catecholamines, ____ test is more reliable than a ____ test

Answer 47

urine serum

Question 48

catecholamines are increased in _____ and _____

Answer 48

strenuous activity malignancies

Question 49

newborn adrenal glands have a _____ medulla and a _____ cortex (echogenicity)

Answer 49

echogenic less echogenic (hypoechoic)

Question 50

R adrenal is best evaluated ______ using the ___ or ____ as a window

Answer 50

intercostally liver R kidney

Question 51

R adrenal: patient in ____ but can use ___

Answer 51

supine LLD

Question 52

L adrenal is scanned ____ using the ____ or ____ as a window

Answer 52

intercostally spleen left kidney

Question 53

L adrenal can have patient in ____ or _____ position

Answer 53

decubitus RAO

Question 54

for L adrenal you can place patient in LPO and scan through ____ and ____

Answer 54

IVC Aorta