Adrenal Hormones (Lec 17)

Question 1

Corticosteroids are synthesized form what?

Answer 1

cholesterol

Question 2

Corticosteroids are provided mostly by ___ in the plasma

Answer 2

LDLs

Question 3

ACTH increases the number of ____ receptors

Answer 3

LDL

Question 4

Where is cholesterol converted to pregnenolone? What is the enzyme used?

Answer 4

mitochondria; cholesterol desmolase

Question 5

Both ___ and ___ increase the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

Answer 5

ACTH; angiotensin II

Question 6

What is the major mineralocorticoid?

Answer 6

aldosterone

Question 7

What is secretion of mineralocorticoids controlled by?

Answer 7

angiotensin II and K+

Question 8

What are mineralocorticoids secreted by?

Answer 8

zona glomerulosa

Question 9

What is the major glucocorticoid?

Answer 9

cortisol

Question 10

Glucocorticoids affects increased blood ___ concentration

Answer 10

glucose

Question 11

What are glucocorticoids secreted by?

Answer 11

zona fasciculata

Question 12

DHEA and estrogen are examples of what hormone?

Answer 12

androgenic

Question 13

What are androgenic hormones secreted by?

Answer 13

zona reticularis

Question 14

Without mineralocorticoids, potassium levels in ECF ___ markedly and sodium and chloride are ___ rapidly from the urine

Answer 14

rise; lost

Question 15

In regards to a lack of aldosterone, total ECF and blood volume become greatly ___

Answer 15

reduced

Question 16

Due to a lack of aldosterone, a person will develop diminished ___ ___ and progress to a shock-like state

Answer 16

cardiac output

Question 17

Hyperkalemia and serous cardiac toxicity are a result of what?

Answer 17

lack of aldosterone

Question 18

An increase in ECF and arterial pressure is a result of what?

Answer 18

excess of aldosterone

Question 19

An excess of aldosterone has a small effect on plasma ___ concentration because sodium reabsorption in renal tubules is accompanied by equivalent amount of water reabsorption

Answer 19

sodium

Question 20

Hypokalemia and muscle weakness are a result of what?

Answer 20

excess of aldosterone

Question 21

An excess of aldosterone stimulates transport of ___ from ECF into most cells of the body

Answer 21

potassium

Question 22

true or false?

Excess of aldosterone causes alkalosis

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Aldosterone ___ renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and ___ potassium in the urine

Answer 23

increases; increases

Question 24

Describe the cellular sequence of events leading to sodium reabsorption

Answer 24

1. aldosterone diffuses readily into the interior of the tubular epithelial cells
2. aldosterone combines with mineralocorticoid receptor proteins (renal tubules)
3. aldosterone-receptor complex diffuses into nucleus
4. RNA transcription is induced
5. sodium-potassium ATPase pump proteins are among those formed as a result of this induction
6. epithelial sodium channel is also formed

Question 25

What type of cells are associated with aldosterone?

Answer 25

principal cells

Question 26

What enzyme is used in angiotensin -> angiotensin II

Answer 26

ACE

Question 27

Is the relationship between aldosterone and angiotensin II direct or indirect?

Answer 27

direct

Question 28

Aldosterone secretion is almost entirely independent of the regulation of ___ secretion

Answer 28

cortisol

Question 29

Increased ___ ion concentration greatly increases aldosterone secretion

Answer 29

postassium

Question 30

Increased angiotensin II has what effect on aldosterone secretion?

Answer 30

increases it

Question 31

___ is necessary for aldosterone secretion but has little effect in controlling rate of secretion?

Answer 31

ACTH

Question 32

The following are functions of what? stimulates gluconeogenesis, increases enzymes to convert AA to glucose, mobilizes amino acids from extra hepatic tissues, decreases glucose utilization by cells, may lead to adrenal diabetes, resists stress and inflammation, causes resolution to inflammation

Answer 32

glucocorticoids ex: cortisol

Question 33

What disease is associated with hypoadrenalism?

Answer 33

Addison's Disease

Question 34

Primary Addison's disease is due to injury to what?

Answer 34

adrenal cortex

Question 35

Secondary Addison's disease is due to impaired function of what?

Answer 35

pituitary gland

Question 36

Disturbances in Addison's disease could be caused by deficiencies in what?

Answer 36

mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids note: melanin pigmentation also involved

Question 37

The following symptoms in regards to Addison's disease are due to a deficiency in what? decreased ECF, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, mild acidosis, rise in RBCs, decrease in cardiac output and blood pressure, death from shock

Answer 37

mineracorticoids

Question 38

Name some of the symptoms of Addison's disease associated with a deficiency in glucocorticoids

Answer 38

loss of ability to maintain normal blood glucose concentration, reduction in both proteins and fats, muscle weakness, stress

Question 39

In regards to Addison's disease, what may cause a disturbance in melanin pigmentation?

Answer 39

loss of negative feedback to pituitary, allowing increased amounts of MSH

Question 40

What disease is associated with hyperadrenalism?

Answer 40

cushing's disease

Question 41

What are the causes of cushion's disease?

Answer 41

adenomas of AP, abnormal function of hypothalamus, ectopic secretion of ACTH by tumor, adenomas of adrenal cortex, excess ACTH secretion

Question 42

"Buffalo torso", moon face, acne, hypertension, and increased blood glucose are all characteristics of what?

Answer 42

cushing's disease