General Sensory Mechanisms (Lec 3)

Question 1

This type of receptor deals with receiving skin tactile sensibilities, deep tissue sensibilities, hearing, equilibrium and arterial pressure

Answer 1

Mechanorecptors

Question 2

Nociceptors have free nerve endings that respond to ___

Answer 2

pain

Question 3

This type of receptor includes rods and cones of the eye for vision

Answer 3

electromagnetic receptor

Question 4

Taste, smell, arterial oxygen, osmolarity, blood carbon dioxide, blood glucose deal with this type of receptor

Answer 4

chemoreceptor

Question 5

What is modality?

Answer 5

refers to each of the principal types of sensation

Question 6

What is the labeled line principle?

Answer 6

refers to the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation

Question 7

What are the four mechanisms of stimulation for receptors?

Answer 7

mechanical deformation, application of a chemical, temperature change, and electromagnetic radiation

Question 8

What are some of the characteristics of tonic receptors?

Answer 8

slow adapting, detect continuous stimulus strength, transmit impulses as long as stimulus is present

Question 9

Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, macula and vestibular receptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors are all types of what kind of receptor?

Answer 9

Tonic receptor

Question 10

Rapidly adapting, do not transmit continuous signal, stimulated only when stimulus strength changes, transmit information regarding rate of change are all characteristics of what type of receptor?

Answer 10

Phasic receptor

Question 11

What are the two types of nerve fibers?

Answer 11

Type A (large and medium sized myelinated fibers of spinal nerves)
Type C (small, unmyelinated fibers)

Question 12

What type of nerve fibers make up more than half of all sensory fibers in most peripheral nerves and all postganglionic autonomic fibers?

Answer 12

Type C

Question 13

Describe Group Ia nerve fibers

Answer 13

fibers from annulospiral endings of muscle spindles

Question 14

Describe Group Ib nerve fibers

Answer 14

fibers from Golgi tendon organs

Question 15

Describe Group II nerve fibers

Answer 15

cutaneous tactile receptors and flower-spray

Question 16

Describe Group III nerve fibers

Answer 16

carry temperature, crude touch, and pricking pain

Question 17

Describe Group IV nerve fibers

Answer 17

carry pain, itch temperature, and crude touch

Question 18

How does spatial summation work?

Answer 18

increasing signal strength by using progressively greater number of fibers

Question 19

How does temporal summation work?

Answer 19

increasing signal strength by increasing frequency of nerve impulses in each fiber

Question 20

Diverging neuronal pathways result in ____

Answer 20

amplification of initial signal and may allow transmission of original signal to separate areas

Question 21

Converging neuronal pathways allow for ____

Answer 21

multiple input fibers to converge onto a single output neuron

Question 22

What causes a reverberatory circuit?

Answer 22

positive feedback within neuronal circuit

Question 23

True or False?

a reverberatory circuit may be stimulated once but discharge repetitively for a long time

Answer 23

true

Question 24

What do somatic senses do and what are some types?

Answer 24

collect sensory information from all over the body

examples: mechanoreceptive, thermoreceptive, pain

Question 25

Vision, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium are examples of

Answer 25

special senses

Question 26

Proprioceptive sensations refer to ___

Answer 26

physical state of body | examples: position sensations, muscle and tendon sensations, pressure sensations, equilibrium

Question 27

What are examples of deep sensations?

Answer 27

deep pressure, pain, and vibrations

Question 28

What are three physiological types of somatic senses?

Answer 28

mechanoreceptive somatic senses, thermoreceptive senses, and pain

Question 29

Describe primary sensory neurons

Answer 29

from external receptors, travel through dorsal roots of spinal cord

Question 30

Describe secondary neurons

Answer 30

make up tracts in spinal cord and brainstem

Question 31

Describe tertiary neurons

Answer 31

from thalamus to primary sensory cortex, travel through internal capsule

Question 32

Spinothalamic and Medial Lemniscal systems are for

Answer 32

concious perception

Question 33

Spinocerebellar, spino-olivary, spinotectal, and spinoreticular are for

Answer 33

unconscious perception

Question 34

What type of information does the lateral spinothalamic tract carry?

Answer 34

carries pain and temperature

Question 35

What type of information does the anterior spinothalamic tract carry?

Answer 35

carries light and touch, pressure, tickle, and itch

Question 36

What type of information does the medial lemniscus system carry?

Answer 36

carries sensations for two-point sensation (fine touch), pressure, and vibration

Question 37

Where do fibers of fasciculus gracilis synapse compared to fibers of fasciculus cuneatus?

Answer 37

fasciculus gracilis: nucleus gracilis (sensations from below mid thoracic level) fasciculus cuneatus: nucleus cuneatus (sensations above mid thoracic level)

Question 38

Where do secondary fibers in the medial lemniscus system ascend to?

Answer 38

ascend to synapse in VPL of thalamus

Question 39

Where do tertiary fibers in the medial lemniscus system ascend to?

Answer 39

ascend through internal capsule to primary sensory cortex

Question 40

What area of the neuronal pool includes all of the output fibers stimulated by the incoming fiber?

Answer 40

Discharge zone

Question 41

What is the name of the location in the neuronal pool where neurons further from the discharge zone are facilitated but not excited?

Answer 41

Facilitated zone

Question 42

In the lateral spinothalamic trunk, secondary fibers are joined in brain stem by fibers of what other tract? What do they carry?

Answer 42

Trigeminothalamic, pain from face and teeth

Question 43

What physiological feelings do secondary fibers stimulate?

Answer 43

Wakefulness and consciousness

Question 44

In regards to the lateral spinothalamic tract, where do tertiary fibers synapse?

Answer 44

Postcentral gyrus: somatic sensory areas 1 2 3