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Endocrinology > Adrenals > Flashcards

Adrenals Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

bilateral structures
situated above the
kidneys

A

adrenal glands

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2
Q

makes up more than
¾ of the adrenal mass

A

the cortex (outer region) of the adrenal glands

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3
Q

inner region of the adrenal glands

A

medulla

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4
Q

The cortex is divided into 3 zones:

A
  • Zona Reticularis
  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona Glomerulosa
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5
Q

is a specialized tissue that carries out hormone-activity and regresses shortly after birth

A

fetal zone

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6
Q

two zones of fetal cortex

A

fetal zone (80% of mass)

definitive zone

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7
Q

Blood flows from

A

the adrenal cortex into the medulla

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8
Q

have one of
the highest rates of blood flow in the body

A

adrenal glands

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9
Q

are steroidogenic, meaning they secrete steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortical cells

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10
Q

salt/water balance and blood pressure

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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11
Q

sugar and energy metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol; corticosterone)

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12
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

Sex steroids (DHEA, androstendione)

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13
Q

Rate-limiting
step in steroid
biosynthesis

A

STAR
and P450scc in the breakdown of cholesterol

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14
Q

The specific
hormone made
depends on

A

the enzymes present in the cell

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15
Q

A major function of the adrenal gland is to

A

respond to stress

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16
Q

energy mobilization

produced in the medulla

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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17
Q

an event that threatens homeostasis and triggers allostatic responses

A

stress

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18
Q

maintenance of
stable, constant bodily
conditions within an optimal range to sustain life.

A

homeostasis

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19
Q

process of achieving homeostasis. Adrenal hormones are one of the primary mediators.

A

allostasis

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20
Q

short term, relatively easy to recover from.

A

acute stressors

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21
Q

long term; recovery not complete. Body may “adapt” with a new set point.

A

chronic stressors

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22
Q

The process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome

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23
Q

steps of general adaptation syndrome

A
  1. alarm - acute stressor is identified and and body is in a state of alarm. starts to produce fight or flight response
  2. resistance - body begins to cope if stressor persists.
  3. exhaustion - if resources are depleted and the body is unable to maintain normal function
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24
Q

Glucocorticoids are regulated by the

A

HPA axis

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25
Catecholamines are regulated by the
sympathetic nervous system
26
what classification are cortisol and corticosterone
glucocorticoids
27
what classification are epinephrine and adrenaline
catecholamines
28
what is responsible for the fight or flight response
Catecholamines and the sympathetic nervous system
29
responsible for rest and digestion
parasympathetic system
30
are modified neurons that lack dendrites and axons stress
Chromaffin cells
31
Gaq coupled receptor that stimulates IP3/calcium Higher affinity for norepinephrine
Alpha Adrenergic Receptors
32
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction (constricts blood flow, pupils dilate, Pyloric sphincter in stomach constricts to reduce digestion)
Alpha Adrenergic Receptors
33
Gas coupled receptor that stimulates cAMP Higher affinity for epinephrine (has an E)
Beta Adrenergic Receptors
34
Stimulates smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs, blood flow, and GI tract
Beta Adrenergic Receptors
35
beta receptor agonist
EpiPen (epinephrine)
36
instantaneous, involves catecholamines
Sympathetic nervous system
37
slower, involves glucocorticoids
HPA axis
38
are the primary glucocorticoids, and their main function is to mobilize energy
Cortisol and corticosterone
39
is the primary regulator of glucocorticoid release
HPA axis
40
primary glucocorticoid in most mammals, including humans, and fish
cortisol
41
primary glucocorticoid in rodents, birds, reptiles, and amphibians
Corticosterone
42
Cortisol circulates in the blood bound to carrier proteins, mainly
corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, also known as transcortin)
43
don’t create stress or prepare you for it; they help you recover from stress
Glucocorticoids
44
Enhance Memory Consolidation
Glucocorticoids
45
Excessive secretion of glucocorticoids (typically due to adrenal tumor or glucocorticoid medications) Symptoms: * Visceral fat gain * High blood sugar (develop diabetes)
Cushing’s Syndrome
46
Deficient in glucocorticoid secretion (due to injury to adrenal tissue) * Excessive ACTH (no negative feedback) to Hyperpigmentation * Low blood sugar * Weight loss
Addison’s Disease
47
zona glomerulosa tissue produces
Mineralcorticoids
48
zona fasciculata tissue produces
Glucocorticoids
49
zona reticularis tissue produces
sex steroids
50
A major function of the adrenal gland is to
regulate salt and water balance
51
depends on the maintenance of water-sodium balance
blood pressure
52
the primary mineralcorticoid
Aldosterone
53
* Increases sodium reabsorption * Increases potassium excretion
aldosterone
54
Specificity is achieved in aldosterone-responsive cells by having
11βHSD2
55
Principle regulators of aldosterone production
* Angiotensin II (Renin–Angiotensin system) * High potassium levels (Hyperkalemia)
56
A renal (kidney) mechanism that governs blood pressure (BP) homeostasis, as well as fluid and salt balance
Renin-Angiotensin System
57
3 hormones collaborate to regulate BP:
Aldosterone, ADH, and Angiotensin II
58
Liver constitutively releases Angiotensinogen
Step 1 of the Renin-Angiotensin system
59
Kidney detects a drop in blood pressure and secretes renin (an enzyme)
Step 2 of the Renin-Angiotensin system
60
secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in response to: * Low BP detected by baroreceptors in arterioles * Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors * Low sodium levels detected by macula densa cel
renin
61
Renin and Angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) catalyze the creation of Angiotensin II
Step 3 of the Renin-Angiotensin system
62
Angiotensin II does the following:
* Constricts blood vessels * ADH secretion * Aldosterone secretion
63
ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water
Step 4 of the Renin-Angiotensin system
64
ADH increases water reabsorption by inserting
aquaporins
65
Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal gland and stimulates the kidney to reabsorb sodium
step 5 of the renin-angiotensin system
66
High blood pressure is the negative feedback signal that regulates this system
step 6 of the renin-angiotensin system
67
stimulates potassium secretion in response to high potassium (hyperkalemia)
aldosterone
68
directly monitored by adrenal glomerulosa cells
potassium levels
69
are the primary steroids, and their main function is to regulate development of secondary sex characteristics
androgens
70
Caused by a genetic mutation in an enzyme needed to make one or more of the adrenal hormones – usually detected in infancy
Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
71
Results in the overproduction of hormone precursors to compensate
Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
72
what is responsible for 95% of Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
A 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) deficiency
73
Effects of Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
* Can’t make glucocorticoids or aldosterone * Overproduce sex steroids
74
symptoms of CAH
Simple-virilizing symptoms (early puberty for male and female. normal genitalia for males, enlarged clit for females) Can’t retain salt or water leads to excessive dehydration and low blood pressure
75
CYP21A2 function
Mutation causes CAH
76
11βHSD2 function
Inactivates cortisol, allowing mineralcorticoid receptor specificity
77
CYP11B2
Helped animals balance water and transition to land
78
STAR & p450scc function
Rate-limiting steps in steroidogenesis

Endocrinology (13 decks)

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