Pancreas

Question 1

What state are nutrients stored?

Answer 1

fed

Question 2

what state are nutrients oxidized for energy production

Answer 2

fasting

Question 3

broken down into sugar and is on the metabolic pathway of glycolysis

Answer 3

carbs

Question 4

stored as glycogen or fat

Answer 4

carbs

Question 5

broken down into fatty acids and glycerol with the metabolic pathway of Beta-Oxidation

Answer 5

Fats

Question 6

stored as triglycerides in fat cells

Answer 6

Fats

Question 7

Broken down into amino acids with the metabolic pathway of transamination

Answer 7

proteins

Question 8

stored as glycogen or fat

Answer 8

proteins

Question 9

a critical (and tightly
regulated) source of energy

Answer 9

glucose

Question 10

the primary energy
substrate of
the brain.

Answer 10

glucose

Question 11

Which portion of the pancreas is made of acinar and ductal cells

Answer 11

Exocrine portion

Question 12

Produces and secretes digestive enzymes into intestines via pancreatic duct

Answer 12

Exocrine portion

Question 13

What part of the pancreas is made of Islets of Langerhans (small
pockets of highly vascularized tissue
distributed throughout)

Answer 13

endocrine portion

Question 14

Produces and secretes hormones

Answer 14

endocrine portion

Question 15

What are the 3 cells that the Islets of Langerhans produces

Answer 15

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells

Question 16

Released by alpha cells which leads to blood sugar increasing

Answer 16

alpha cell

Question 17

Released by Beta cells which leads to a blood sugar decrease

Answer 17

insulin

Question 18

an Anabolic Hormone
(energy storage)

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

target tissues of insulin

Answer 19

Target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue

Question 20

increase of glucose uptake in tissues

Answer 20

insulin

Question 21

increase in glucose storage

Answer 21

insulin

Question 22

increase of fat synthesis

Answer 22

insulin

Question 23

increase of protein synthesis

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

molecules are
built up to more complex
ones; requires energy

Answer 24

anabolism

Question 25

What type of hormone is insulin?

Answer 25

Peptide hormone

Question 26

Acts through Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

Answer 26

Insulin

Question 27

decreases blood glucose levels by: * Enhancing uptake of glucose into cells * Enhancing storage of glucose

Answer 27

insulin

Question 28

Liver's role in glucose regulation

Answer 28

1. stores glucose by converting it into glycogen (glycogenesis) 2. releases glucose to circulation by breaking down glycogen (glycogenolysis) 3. produces glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

Question 29

Skeletal Muscle's role in glucose regulation

Answer 29

1. Takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen 2. Releases glucose from stored glycogen, primarily for muscle contractions

Question 30

what is adipose tissue's role in glucose regulation

Answer 30

1. Takes up glucose and converts it into triglycerides for storage 2. Releases fatty acids from stored triglycerides into circulation Role of Target Tissues in Glucose Regulation

Question 31

the primary insulin- regulated glucose transporter

Answer 31

GLUT4

Question 32

How does insulin increase glucose uptake?

Answer 32

Glucose transporters (GLUT) move glucose into the cell and insulin increases them

Question 33

How does insulin increase glucose storage?

Answer 33

Glucose can’t be stored; it needs to be converted to glycogen (glycogenesis)

Question 34

What stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen

Answer 34

insulin stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen

Question 35

the main fat storage hormone. It tells adipose tissue to store fat and prevents stored fat from being broken down

Answer 35

insulin

Question 36

the most important regulator of insulin secretion

Answer 36

rise in blood glucose

Question 37

will inhibit further insulin secretion (negative feedback)

Answer 37

decrease in blood glucose

Question 38

break down of complex molecules; releases energy

Answer 38

catabolism

Question 39

a Catabolic Hormone (energy utilization)

Answer 39

Glucagon

Question 40

Effects of Glucagon

Answer 40

increase in glycogen breakdown increase glucose synthesis increase fat breakdown increase protein breakdown increase formation of ketone bodies

Question 41

All the effects of glucagon are mediated by

Answer 41

cAMP

Question 42

Main function of glucagon

Answer 42

oppose actions of insulin (liberates stored energy / glucose mobilization)

Question 43

glucagon increase blood glucose levels by

Answer 43

breaking down stored glycogen and new glycogen synthesis

Question 44

are made when glucose is in short supply. They are made in the liver from the breakdown of fatty acids.

Answer 44

ketones

Question 45

body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates (glucose) to utilize for energy, so it breaks down fat instead to make ketones

Answer 45

ketosis

Question 46

the most important regulator of glucagon secretion

Answer 46

A drop in blood glucose

Question 47

Characterized by elevated (fasting) blood glucose levels

Answer 47

Hyperglycemic

Question 48

symptoms of diabetes

Answer 48

* Increased thirst (polydipsia) * Increased appetite (polyphagia) * Increased need to urinate (polyuria)

Question 49

insulin-dependent diabetes; caused by destruction of islet cells as a result of an autoimmune reaction to Beta cells (insufficient insulin)

Answer 49

Type I diabetes

Question 50

non-insulin-dependent diabetes; caused by a defect in insulin function (insulin not being properly used)

Answer 50

Type II Diabetes

Question 51

temporary insulin resistance during late pregnancy

Answer 51

gestational diabetes

Question 52

Caused by autoimmune response in genetically predisposed individuals

Answer 52

Type I Diabetes

Question 53

Develop antibodies targeting beta cells leads to

Answer 53

the destruction of beta cells

Question 54

Insulin is produced, but hyperglycemia is not corrected due to insulin resistance in target tissues.

Answer 54

Type II Diabetes

Question 55

Causes of Insulin resistance

Answer 55

1. Obesity interfering with signaling -Lipid accumulation in tissues -Inflammation -Insulin receptor desensitization -High leptin (it inhibits insulin) 2. Direct dysfunction of insulin receptors (e.g., mutation in receptor) Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin Resistance

Question 56

Insulin resistance combined with minimal insulin secretion triggers

Answer 56

Type II Diabetes

Question 57

main cause of insulin resistance

Answer 57

visceral fat