Advanced developmental Flashcards

Question

Issues with birth? Conditions?

Answer 1

large object going through small hole - cerebral insults - cerebral palsy, Developmental coordination disorder.

Answer 2

small enough not to make that much of a difference.

Answer 3

Assortive mating suggests that parents with similar traits are more likely to mate. This affects the children through environmental and genetic factors. For example a parent with bad reading may mate with a individual also with bad reading, and they may not read to their child.

Answer 4

from bottom up, ``` Genes Neural systems Sensorimotor processes Higher order cognition Behaviours Diagnostic constructs e.g. dyslexia ``` Each level has a number of components that interact with each other, i.e. one gene may influence one component and then that will affect others - it is such a complex system that we cant predict how one change at one level will affect other levels and the eventual diagnostic construct.

Answer 5

A construct is an explanatory variable that is not directly observable. Diagnoses are constructs with 'fuzzy' lines - they are categories of convenience, but the diagnoses are complex and not all the same.

Answer 6

Bodily structures and impairments may not cause disability Participation in activities is what defines disability It is subjective and personal

Answer 7

Significantly increases risk of developing developmental abnormality - but not guaranteed and many different disorders, tells us there are a lot of environmental affects.

Answer 8

Iodine - we know none is bad, not sure about suboptimal, being investigated at the moment Acrylamides - processed food, have a negative impact on developing food - equivalent to smoking Alcohol - binge drinking is bad

Answer 9

15% avg. smoke - 33% white British - 3% south asian 20% drinking avg. during pregnancy - 43% white British - 0.2 South asian

Answer 10

Structural determinants: - Socioeconomical and political context - SES Intermediary determinants: - behaviour and biological factors - maternal circumstances - psychosocial factors

Answer 11

MICRO - individual MESA - community MACRO - public policy ENVIRONMENT

Answer 12

Coordination difficulties can be caused by periventricular leukomalacia - health issues People with coordination issues can also have trouble with tasks such as handwriting - eduction effects People with coordination difficulties have higher chance of developing mental health problems - health effects Children with coordination difficulties can develop behavioural issues - eduction

Answer 13

Exercise in the middle of the day improves the children's abilities to stay on task throughout the rest of the day

Answer 14

Movement ABC - Manual dexterity - Ball skills - static balance (posture) This is however subjective and time consuming ``` The CKAT (ipad tracing) - objective and time efficient ```

Answer 15

Robot guided therapy can improve fine-motor control

Answer 16

Showed baby a toy - the toy was covered and the baby did not reach for it - concluded the baby could not remember the existence if the toy. HOWEVER - reaching may have been hard - had to reach behind the screen, may not have been in a good position to reach.

Answer 17

had a screen and a short and tall carrot. In the expected event the screen had no window, in teh unexpected there is a window In the large carrot experiment you would expect to see the carrot in the window. If the babies were surprised then they could had a mental representation and probably form memories Found babies were surprised

Answer 18

mobile-conjugate reinforcement - putting together two different things and remembering they are together Operant conditioning

Answer 19

DeCasper & Fifer: Set up a condition that if they increase or decrease their sucking in response to mothers voice vs strangers they are rewarded (i guess). So babies increase or decrease to mothers voice Also works with familiar story

Answer 20

Put babies in cot. See how much they kick. Then hook babies leg up to mobile - when they kick the leg the mobile moves babies learn that if they kick their leg the mobile will move Then did manipulations, e.g. retention interval, Will remember 2 weeks later Found that it was very context specific, i.e. mobile type, cot décor, room. Reminder increased retention interval

Answer 21

Can't keep using the same test - very variable between what some babies can/can't do

Answer 22

Independent movement | Language

Answer 23

From 2 can remember. at 2 years old some photo recognition (30%), re-enactment is at 40% and verbal recall is not good. Photo recognition is really good at 3, and re-enactment lags slightly, verbal is still pretty bad At 4 photo and enactment is basically at ceiling but verbal recall is still only 35% When tested a year later they used the vocab they had 12 months before (frozen in time)

Answer 24

Interviewed about emergency medical treatment they'd had The key determinant for memory was whether they possessed adequate language facilities at the time Language has a big role on certain types of memories

Answer 25

The fact that people often don't remember anything pre 5 yrs and almost nothing pre 3 years.

Answer 26

Lack of language Lack of sense of self

Answer 27

Put red dot on mirror where nose is, see if child touches mirror or nose Then hide Larry the lion, ask later to see if child remembers where Larry is Children better on red dot test are better at finding Larry.

Answer 28

Flavell et al (1966) Children engage in sub vocal rehearsal increasingly as they develop - big spike between 7 and 10 years old Kobasigawa Gave kids a test, also gave them pictures they could use as a strategy, again big spike at 7-10

Answer 29

Did two tests on adults and children, one digit span and one on chess pieces Children are chess experts Children remember much better than adults on chess task, but much worse on digit. Shows children do use their knowledge as a help to remember more things.

Answer 30

A type of metacognition, is both the introspective knowledge of one's own memory capabilities (and strategies that can aid memory) and the processes involved in memory self-monitoring. Self-rating of memory.

Answer 31

Metamemory is positively related to memory performance Some research suggests that this may be because overconfidence makes children try harder

Answer 32

Very clear developmental improvement of WM across age up to 14/15

Answer 33

Kids with poor WM find it hard to concentrate and follow instructions or maths problems Looks like they are not paying attention/trying

Answer 34

For adults, enactment at encoding is better - specifically for verbal recall However not for children Waterman found that for children, enactment is worse. HOWEVER This is because the (enacted) task is difficult for children. When changed to make task easier then enactment was also better.

Answer 35

Vocabulary level

Answer 36

Even before school, by the age of 3 there is a gap between SES children and their cognitive test scores. This gap widens through the school career

Answer 37

Phonology: sounds of the language Lexicon: Words of the language Semantics: Meanings of words Pragmatics: Rules for using language in a social context Syntax: Organisation and grammatical rules for language

Answer 38

Prelinguistic: Crying, cooing, gooing (still has some system - french different to english) Holophrastic: One word means many things, 50 words by 18 months, 300 by 2 years Telegraphic: Two or three word phrases i.e. where go? 18 to 24 months Stage II grammar: between 2 and 3, includes for example 's' as plurals, but may do generalisations - mouses Adult-like speech: about 5-6 years old However of course language development continues to be refined into later life

Answer 39

14,000 Adults know around 70,000

Answer 40

Rationalist/Nature - Chomsky/pinker - we are born with it all Nurture/Emprircist - Skinner - we only learn language through entirely learnt structures

Answer 41

Theory supporting Nurture/Empiricist argument. Learned through classical condition. We can give feedback for incorrect answers, but model the right answer - if it were purely conditioning you couldn't give feedback for wrong answers at all So there is a lack of negative feedback and feedback is not always consistent. Also children make generalisation: 'balereening', hasn't learned that directly Children of deaf parents still babble in similar ways to children of hearing parents

Answer 42

Originally the language acquisition device Language is not learned, it grows idea is that you are born with a set of principles and parameters that constrain you to certain languages - these are different in different languages so the environment shapes how you output them.

Answer 43

Pidgins develop to communicate and are highly simplified, but the children who grow up with it as a first language make it creole and this is syntactically rich Like you have a biological drive to create syntax Language bio program hypothesis

Answer 44

Specific language impairment - SLI - Van der lely & Stollawreck: Highly heritable condition Genetic component suggests that we have a natural ability for language However some evidence it may also be to do with temporal and other aspects of cognition

Answer 45

Genie could learn vocab but never learned grammar - there may be a critical period.

Answer 46

Likely biologically prepared in some way for language development, however the child is an active learner and language develops in the context of behavioural, social and cognitive development

Answer 47

Makes the language easier to learn - simplified and recognisable, more pauses and there is more emphasis on the beginning and end of the word. This seems to also apply to sign language. Evidence that it works, however it is not always necessary to learn a language, cross-cultural differences (when it is there it is helpful, however) (pine 1994) Suggests that input is better than Chomsky argued.

Answer 48

Can look longer a video of mummy if they hear that word and the same for daddy

Answer 49

The period where children really take on new words - | sudden big rise

Answer 50

Nature: - Innate constraints and biases (mutual exclusivity bias) - the new word may apply to the thing that they do not have a label for Nurture: - Shared attention and feedback from parents - pointing e.t.c. Cognitive capacity: - Gathercole 1995 showed that WM is linked to learning new words

Answer 51

Mervis and Bertrand (1994) Child showed familiar object and unfamiliar object and a non-word, asked to pick up the non-word - they will pick up the unfamiliar object

Answer 52

Hollich et al 2000 Constraints are not enough by themselves There is a combination of inbuilt biases but also word learning experience Particular attention to social context

Answer 53

Hart & Risley (1995) - Professional families 215,000 words in one week - Low SES only 62,000 Rowe et al 2012 - quality is important too

Answer 54

Longitudinal study predictors of vocab at 54 months were SES, parent input, child gesture Also found the speed of vocab acquisition at 30 months predicted later vocab - especially marked in low SES families

Answer 55

The rich get rich and the poor get poorer Same in language those with disadvantages at the start continue to get more disadvantages and vice versa

Answer 56

Interventions to encourage reading to babies - early Interventions to improve school readiness

Answer 57

An evolutionary driven, biologically based relationship (with primary caregiver), the principle function of which is to modulate stress in the infant in order to promote physiological, emotional, social and protective advantages.

Answer 58

Fear system and learning (exploratory system)

Answer 59

1. Infant monitors for a threat at a preconscious unconscious or conscious level. 2. Arousal/Fear is modulated by the the proximity of CG: infant will learn what behaviours are effective at getting a CG response (leads to the emergence of indv diff in emotion expression and regulation) 3. This is driven by behavioural homeostasis (a state) not an object driven process 4. System is deacitivated by different responses

Answer 60

The CG system is inactive when the attachment system is active and vice versa The attachment system aim is to activate the Cg system?

Answer 61

Secure - Child cries when the mother leaves, is not comforted by stranger and is calmed when mother returns Insecure (resistant) - Doesn't mind parent leaving, is comforted by stranger, shows signs of distress, but doesn't move towards the CG to modulate that stress. Insecure (avoidant): Didn't look for comfort from stranger or mum, avoids the experience of distress altogether. Disorganised: Strange, unclassifiable behaviour, odd movements, freezing, exaggerated expressions.

Answer 62

Unconscious mental representations/schema. Activated under threat Open to revision, but with a bias to stability. Different IWM for different caregivers: will coalesce into a 'state of mind' with respect to attachment. IWM will organise and filter future relationship theories

Answer 63

Infants: - SST Children: - Attachment Q sorts - Projective tests - Story stem assessment profile - Child attachment interview Adolescents: - Inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA) - Adapted AAI Adults: - AAI

Answer 64

Secure/autonomous stays the same Anxious resistant become preoccupied Anxious avoidant become dismissing Disorganised becomes unresolved of fearful

Answer 65

Stress (as detected by amygdala) Hypothalamus - Anterior pituitary AND sympathetic NS: 1. Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH which activated the adrenal cortex - which secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) 2. Sympathetic NS activates Adrenal medulla which releases catecholamines.

Answer 66

Prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids early in life can result in increased HPA reactivity Evidence links HPA reactivity to the link between adversity with poor mental and physical outcomes (Koss et al., 2013) Candidate hormones include cortisol and oxytocin Some relationship between stress regulation and attachment

Answer 67

Laurent et al. (2016) Longitudinal study of stress sessions age 1-3 Infants of less sensitive mothers showed elevated cortisol during and following stress exposure Infants of more sensitive mothers showed better stress regulation (lower cortisol with quicker post-stress recovery) Some evidence that HPA hyperactivation is related to infant distress

Answer 68

Pierrehumbert et al (2012) Perceived stress, HPA reactivity and levels of oxytocin do vary with attachment classification, however the causal nature of this relationship is uncertain. Does hippocampal damage cause emotion and endocrine dysregulation causing insecurity or does insecurity lead to emotion and hormonal dysregulation and hippocampal damage, in turn causing hippocampal damage.

Answer 69

``` Play activity Emotion regulation Peer relationships Cognitive development Social competence Adult relationships Mental health ```

Answer 70

Fonagy et al (1997): - Predicts preschoolers and school-aged childrens ToM separate of chronological age, verbal mental age and social maturity. Carlson & Sroufe (1995) - predicts healthy, stable peer relationships in preschool and early childhood. Raikes & thompson (2008): - Associated with exploration and early problem solving capabilities.

Answer 71

CG have ignored or rejected attachment signals so they are seen as unavailable and unresponsive. infants learn to inhibit emotional signals, especially negative signals, may inhibit emotions in time. ``` McElwain et al. (2003): Negative emotions (e.g. stress and anger) may become redirected toward inappropriate sources or expressed inappropriately. ``` Predisposes children to a later increased risk for later externalising and internalising behavioural problems, may be associated with difficulties in social situations and developing friendships (Carlson & Sroufe., 1995)

Answer 72

Carlson & Sroufe (1995): There has been an inconsistent response, infants show exaggerated displays of distress. Bowlby (1980) - In preschool and early childhood, easily frustrated, impulsive and overly anxious - see themselves as unable to cope with stress. Reduced exploration in unfamiliar settings and increased preoccupation with personal suffering, heightened personal fears. McElwain et al., 2003: - 3 yr olds less assertive amongst friends Carlson & Sroufe (1995): Inappropriately aggressive or excessively passive.

Answer 73

Seen in three conditions: Abusive parents, Unresolved parents and residential care. Van Ijzendoorn et al (1999): 66% of children in care were disorganised, showed similar behaviour to those of alcoholic or depressed mothers. R/F for psychopathology (Van IJzendoorn 2010): Elevated cortisol response in infancy Cassidy (1988): - increased likelihood of controlling behaviour Lyons-Ruth & Jocobvitz (1999): - Increased aggression, externalizing disorders and oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 74

Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness, normally beginning before 5. Behaviour as reactive to pathogenic care (Horner, 2008) Characterised by a failure to develop committed intimate social relationships Either inhibited or disinhibited.

Answer 75

165 adopted romanian children were adopted (following severe deprivation) and 52 non-deprived children were adopted and monitored. 111 Assessed at age 6 (they were adopted before 24 months of age) Parent interview and mesures of cognitive and social development. There was a dose association between duration of deprivation and severity of attachment disorder behaviours. These then correlated with attentional, conduct and cognitive ability problems

Answer 76

Extreme early effects Lawful discontinuity: - Mediating experiences - Dynamic interactive

Answer 77

early attachment will predict later development regardless of any changes to the environment. Inconsistent findings: 1. Lewis et al., (1984): attachment predicted psychopathology but for boys only 2. Suess, Grossman & Sroufe (1992): attachment predicted 5 yr old outcomes only for girls and only for avoidant attachment. Carlson & Sroufe (1995) showed the importance of the environment: - many studies have focused on low-income, high-risk families - not all infants who are securely attached develop problems later but when they do these are associated with environmental continuity - So should focus on the impact of continuity and discontinuity.

Answer 78

Search for situation in which it proves possible to predict when earlier measurements of children's functioning will (and will not) predict later outcomes. There are two models concerning this: - Mediating experiences model - Dynamic interactive model

Answer 79

Proposes that (dis)continuity between early attachment experiences and later outcomes are associated with the stability or instability of environmental conditions Mediator explains relationship between IV and DV

Answer 80

Some studies show that when a child's environment is is changed then attachment can too: Pace & Zavattini (2011) adoption study. Assessed attachment patterns in 20 late-adopted (4-7yr olds) in 12 related dyads (non adopted genetically related) Significant enhancement of late-adopted children's attachment security, showing change from insecurity to security. Revision is possible but it is gradual

Answer 81

IWMs affect how children perceive and interpret relationships and events: Booth et al. (1998) found preschool attachment security more stringly predicted aged-8 perceptions of maternal support than the mothers actual behaviour. Early attachment provides the lens in which future experiences are filtered, including change experiences e.g. Mother becomes depressed... Secure attachment: I am loved, people care, turn to others Avoidant: it is not easy to understand people, mistrust of others, become more withdrawn Resistant: I am never certain if you are there for me: increased display of insecurity, aggression and depression.

Answer 82

Fertilized egg - Multicellular blastocyst Develop 3 germ layers: Ectoderm (NS comes from) Mesoderm Endoderm Neurulation accurs around 20th day Form neural tube by 3-4 weeks

Answer 83

Pluripotent neural precursor stem cells Rostral (head) of tube develops the fore, mid and hindbrain precursor cells mitigate outwards - eventually differentiate into neurones

Answer 84

Involves turning genes on/off, differentiation: - Action potential differences - Neurotransmitter used - Receptor molecules incorporated post-synaptically - Morphology of axons and dendrites Also may differentiate to glial cells

Answer 85

Sensorimotor cortex is very fast - peak at birth Association cortex is next - peak at 8 months Prefrontal is last - peak at 3/4 years

Answer 86

Two issues: - rate of synapse generation - number of synapses Primate studies suggest overall number of synapses increases into adolescence (there is also pruning) Important areas finish early, other areas are plastic for longer.

Answer 87

The ability of the developing brain to respond to and be modified by experience (purves et al., 2007)

Answer 88

Rich environments are correlated with higher synapse density and better cognitive development. Greenhouse & Morris Water Maze: - Showed rats raised in rich environments perform better in the spatial tasks and have increased synaptic density in spatial areas

Answer 89

Amblyopia: Visual critical periods, amblyopia is misaligned eyes. If it is fixed young enough there are no lasting effects, however if left after the critical period, will never fix.

Answer 90

If you sew up a kittens eye during critical periods and then later measure neuronal activity, the activity is reduced (to nothing), whereas if you sew an adults up, there is still some

Answer 91

Found only children who were over the age of 7 could do a spatial task. Idea is that this is due to hippocampal development although it is hard to control all other factors. EEG studies have found that impoverished environments hinder normal brain development

Answer 92

Brain will become more focal (focused) and less diffuse with age Trend for less reliance on sub-cortical systems

Answer 93

Institutionalised children show higher proportion of low frequency bandwidths This may show failure of cortical development

Answer 94

By 7 months they can see the 'imagined' contours When hooked up to EEG you can see different levels of activity when looking at the 'hidden square'

Answer 95

Inferior temporal cortex (end of 1st year) Dendate Gyrus (hippocampus) Prefrontal cortex (preschool)

Answer 96

Infants viewed ordered sequence of events Viewed photos of that event (old) or a novel event (new), and measured ERPs = no difference in recallers and non-recallers. However there were differences after a week Suggests the children that do not remember are having issues with consolidation. This is because immediately after they have the same ERP, but after a week the ERP is gone (in the non-rememberers)

Answer 97

1. Better speech discrimination when presented to right ear (LH) 2. Mehler & colleagues showed greater left-hemisphere activation for normal speech as opposed to backwards speech (vs the right hemisphere) 3. Homae et al 2006 found right temporoparietal region differentiated between prosodic and flattened speech in 3-month olds. - also shows importance of prosody in speech. - RH distinguishes. 4. ERPs of posterior tempo-parietal region in adults between open-class and closed class words: - at 20 months they understand the difference - no ERP variation - 28 months - 2/3 word sentences - ERP variation - 3 years - full sentences - adult-like ERP variation

Answer 98

When using a habituation paradigm and looking at two dominoe-like images with different number of dots: - at 6-months need a ratio of 1:2 - at 9 months can do 2:3

Answer 99

Tigger experiment. Get a number of tiggers, put a screen over, add or subtract a tigger, reveal screen = have the expected number or not, look at reaction. Measure ERP - can see a difference. Links behavioural with neuroscience studies.

Answer 100

Ask to sort objects by certain rules, e.g. colour. By 2 can sort by one rule By 3 can sort by 2 rules At 5 can switch between rules - younger children would persevere with first rule. fMRI shows progressive maturation of some areas of the PFC correlating with this.

Answer 101

``` Maternal smoking Maternal stress/anxiety Parental education Breast feeding and nutrition Temperature Infant temperament Developmental milestones Napping ```

Answer 102

Diary studies Actigraphy - not there yet, but will in the future measure. Sleep EEG (polysomnography) Actigraphy and HR Mobile apps and sensing

Answer 103

Slow wave - brain sleeping, body might move | REM - dreaming, bodies paralyzed, but brain working

Answer 104

50% in stage 2 sleep 20% in REM 30% in other stages

Answer 105

Animals need different amounts of sleep - Possum = 20 hours - Cat = 16 hours - Horses = 2 hours

Answer 106

Infants - 16 hours Teenagers - 9 hours Adults - 7-8 hours Elderly <7

Answer 107

Physical restoration: - GH increases overnight - No direct relationship between physical activity and amount of sleep, some for quality of sleep Mental restoration: - Learning/memory consolidation - might prune things we don't need, consolidate what we do - improvements in memory following a nap/overnight sleep - Problem solving after sleep - Brain seems to practice newly learned info (Slow wave)

Answer 108

Ptps unexpectedly given a very busy day: Measured sleep: similar amount but extra time was spent in slow wave sleep.

Answer 109

About 8hrs of Quite Sleep, REM and wake across the day By 4-8 weeks they have more of a day/night cycle Around 12 weeks develop evidence of sleep spindles (Which seem to have an impact of memory/IQ) Much of infant sleep is REM 8hrs in infants, 1 hr in adolescence

Answer 110

Increases in grey matter in temporal lobe - peaks in puberty then decreases White matter increases - Jenni & Carskadon (2004) These changes correspond to changes in sleep patterns - Decreases in delta sleep, more daytime sleepiness, greater differences between school/weekdays

Answer 111

Gillen-O'Neel et al., (2012) - Children who sacrifice sleep to cram in extra study time more likely to struggle the next day. Earlier bedtimes good for you: - increasing children's bedtime by an hour has positive effects on many aspects of cognitive performance the next day Sadeh et al.,2003 Procedural, implicit memory associated with REM Declarative (explicit) associated with Slow wave sleep (SWS)

Answer 112

Anders et al (1995): | - Greater amount of SWS in children than adults

Answer 113

Wilhelm et al., (2008) Procedural memory is generally (inconsistent) not found to increase in sleep in children (it does in adults)

Answer 114

Teach people new words 2 groups (AM group and PM group) Give immediate memory test Give a test 12 hrs later (either later the same day or early the next morning) Then 24 hrs later (when everyone has slept) Results: Immediate recall is the same At 12 hrs later the PM group (who have slept) recall more words At 24 hrs the AM group remembered more, however the PM group still had the advantage

Answer 115

This will slow down the recognition the the already known word e.g. Cathedral will be slow if learned cathedruke

Answer 116

Might link fragile memory to robust memory in the hippocampus and neocortex

Answer 117

``` Dizziness Impaired concentration Irritability Mood swings and hallucinations Immune system impairments ```

Answer 118

All three negatively affected, mood affected the most.

Answer 119

Few studies Touchette et al, 2007: - shortened sleep deprivation, especially before the age of 41 months associated with greater behavioural problems and cognitive impairment.

Answer 120

7 year olds N = 11178 At age 7 lack of regular bedtime was related to cognitive abilities (reading/spatial reasoning) - evidence that this pattern become set in early development and gets worse Consistent bedtimes are important, as well as: - Maternal mental health - Daily routines - Reading together - tv in bedroom

Answer 121

Regular sleep-wake pattern Avoid oversleeping Avoid naps Avoid stimulants Don't exercise close to bedtime, DO exercise in the day Turn off electronic devices an hour before bed

Answer 122

Increased knowledge about sleep - no differences in outcome measures issue with adherence.

Answer 123

Anti-inflammatory (body's most potent)

Answer 124

Over months and years if there is a failure to eliminate the 'insult' Autoimmunity Prolonged exposure to toxic agents

Answer 125

1) increased inflammation 2) Reduced immunity Can happen through 2 processes: 1. - Chronic stress leads to dysregulated HPA activity, (excessive cortisol), - cell damage to glucocorticoid receptors - Glucocorticoid resistance - Unrestricted pro-inflammatory cytokines 2. - Cortisol suppression of lymphocytes - Increased risk of infection and disease

Answer 126

Cohen et al., 2012 - 12 ptps exposed to cold virus, high stress scores meant they were more likely to develop colds Glaser & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2013 - Stress predicts higher rate of illness following pathogen exposure, protracted wound healing and poorer response to immunisation Brydon et al 2014: - lower SES group show greater inflammatory response to increases in stress

Answer 127

Childhood exposure to stress causes inflammation & reduced immunity: Miller & Chen (2010): 135 adolescent girls in chronic family stress assessed 4 times over 1.5 years. Showed increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, progressive GR desensitisation. Casserta et al. (2008): - Health sample of 5-10yr olds assessed 7 times. Parental psych symptoms predicted increased levels of febrile illness and enhanced NK cell functioning. Can predict later health problems: - predicts autoimmune diseases Almeida et al., (2010) - Chen et al (2011) adults reared in low-SES environments with high maternal warmth showed fewer pro-inflammatory cytokines than those reared in low maternal warmth

Answer 128

Benros et al., 2011 - 30-year population based study: autoimmune diseases or hospitalisation for serious infection increased risk of schizophrenia by 29% and 60% respectively Dowlati et al., 2010 - Meta analysis: significantly more pro-inflammatory cytokines in depressed subjects compared to controls Vogelzangs et al., 2016: - elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines positively associated with severity of depression and anxiety

Answer 129

Ashwood et al., 2011 - Good evidence linking the two, especially autism. Maternal Immune activation (MIA) hypothesis (brown et al., 2004): - significantly higher second trimester cytokine levels on mothers of offspring with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, than those of controls Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric disorders associated with strep infections - Swedo et al., 2001: sudden onset of symptoms of OCD and tourettes following strep infection.

Answer 130

Emotion regulation correlated with multiple psychological disorders (Aldao et al., 2010) Children with anxiety: - Higher levels of dysregulated anger, sadness and anxiety compared to non-clinical controls (suveg & Zeman, 2004) - Deficits in cognitovely re-appraising situations - Actual and perceived difficulties managing anxious feelings (Carthy et al., 2010) Children with depression: - more likely to ruminate and less likely to problem-solve or re-appraise (Stegge & terwogt, 2007)

Answer 131

Stress compromises ER. - impacts prefrontal cortex. impairs cognitive flexibility, goal-directed behaviour, working memory and self-control. Raio et al (2013): - ptps underwent fear-conditioning and then regulation training. - next day acute stress induction OR control task before repeating the fear-conditioning task using new regulation skills. - Controls demonstrated fear reduction: stress condition ptps did not. - Acute stress impairs the ability to cognitively regulate fear responses - glucocorticoid response and elevated noradrenaline = rapid alterations in executive functioning and impairment of the PFC.

Answer 132

Jon Kabat-Zinn: Paying attention to the present, non-judgementally, on purpose. It is both a trait and a state of consciousness.

Answer 133

Rutter and Folstein (1997): - Twin studies - Begun the development of some major theories in autism

Answer 134

Imagination/flexibility of thought or activities/interests - Unusual or repetitive gestures/actions - Pre-occupation with narrow interests - Fascination with object parts Social and emotional communication - Language (can be repetitive) - Cannot sustain/initiate conversation Social and emotional interaction - Appears unresponsive - Absent/unusual eye contact - Doesn't spontaneously share interest or enjoyment - Making friends with Also may be skilled in particular domains (savantism)

Answer 135

No deficit in language in aspergers.

Answer 136

More of a spectrum now No aspergers.

Answer 137

Theory of mind Weak central coherence Executive (dys)function The empathizing - systematizing theory

Answer 138

Deficit in metacognition: - Cannot see another's perspective - Mind blindness Sally/Ann task Explains: - Social communication deficits - Joint attention problems (language problems) - Pretend play (lack of) Criticisms: - Doesn't explain repetitive interests/motor behaviour - Stereotypical

Answer 139

Tendency to focus on detail and not the global picture - not seeing the forest for the trees. Pram task Explains: - repetitive interests - some language problems - homophones The Tear in the dress - might read it as tear as in crying Criticisms: - Less apparent in high functioning populations - they tend to do quite well in these tasks

Answer 140

Struggle with executive functions: - Planning, WM, impulse control and inhibition Frontal lobes Struggle on WM tasks like N-Back, and tower of hanoi Explains: - Rigidity - Repetitive - Theory of mind (deficit in planning rather than anything else) Criticisms: - Found in conditions other than autism - High IQ is associated with no dysfunction here.

Answer 141

Empathising: - Ability to understand others perspective Systemising: - Propensity for an interest in the rules and regulations of a system. Like rule based things, e.g. maths, chess. High on systemising, low on empathising Criticisms: - Over general: doesn't really provide evidence - Limited evidence base

Answer 142

Limitations in measures Limitations in knowing where to look Limitations in knowing how biology links to behaviour

Answer 143

Gaze is one of the main predictors of autism severity, can be used from a very early age. Dalton et al (2005): gaze fixation and face processing. Autism: - less fixation overall - eyes and mouth a lot less than the face - They look at the eyes and mouth the same amount Controls activated: Prefrontal regions, Occipital and fusiform gyrus (identfication) Autistics activated more: Amygdala, Left Orbitofrontal gyrus (emotion) When people with autism might actually be hyper stimulated in the amygdala - this may be why they find it uncomfortable. It may be that the over-activation in the amygdala means that the identification areas are under activated May also explain some language and social deficits - because they are avoiding stimulation in this way - critical periods?

Answer 144

Given two tasks, social and physics task Right temporal parietal junction was activated differently in controls in the social task. In autism there was no difference in the tasks.

Answer 145

Delmonte et al 2013: Can't just look at one area of the brain, looked at functional connectivity in areas of the brain (what areas tend to light up at the same time): Anterior cingulate cortex has less cross-talk with Caudate nucleus in social rewards Medial frontal gyrus has more connectivity with caudate. Caudate is associated with implicit procedural memory (reaction motor movements)(can't switch off repetitive behaviours) Reduced connectivity between nucleus accumbens and paracingulate gyrus, and OFC - both of these have social roles There may not be anatomical differences BUT there may be communication deficits in different regions of the brain. Need longitudinal studies

Answer 146

VERY heritable: Twin studies have 90% correlation More males 4:1 - although females may be underdiagnosed 80-85% unknown or multifactorial genetic changes in autism - we don't know a lot yet. Multifactorial genetic condition

Answer 147

Auyeung et al (2010): High foetal testosterone is linked to: - reduced eye contact in children - Smaller vocab in toddlers - Narrower interests at 4 years - Less empathy - Increased systemising - Number of autistic traits in older children.

Answer 148

Parent reported questionnaire that evaluates autistic traits. Link between testosterone and Q-CHAT.

Answer 149

Behavioural: Q-Chat, Sally-ann, WM, Embedded figures, ADOS, systemising and empathising quotients. Biological: - Objective means of prediction - Biomarkers Benefits of biological: - Objective - May reveal causation - Earlier detection possibly - Improvement of behavioural diagnosis - Improved validity of early intervention Pitfalls: - Can have poor sensitivity and specificity - Expensive - Ethics: Specific label from a broad spectrum; disability or difference; reproductive choices.

Answer 150

Gene profile Brain size Eye-movement Presymptomatic: - Family history - Foetal testosterone - P400 (increased in kids with a FH or sibling) - Some studies are 80-90% based on eye movements.

Answer 151

Behavioural - can help with symptoms Dietary - very little evidence Bio-medical - Pharmacological - LeGoff 2004: Lego therapy (autistic kids like lego): - Have kids in group of three - Give them different roles - force them to interact SULP: - Learn social rules - use of stories with metacognition - rewards in stickers and treats In Owens et al (2008) - SULP and LEGO improved maladaptive behaviour - LEGO improved social interaction score

Advanced developmental Flashcards

(175 cards)