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RET 2934 > Advanced Patient Care > Flashcards

Advanced Patient Care Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is the formula for alveolar minute
ventilation?

A

(Vt-Vd) X F

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2
Q

What is the formula for dead space?

A

PaCO2-PeC02/PaCO2

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3
Q

What is normal dead space?

A

20-40%

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4
Q

What is normal dead space for a diseased
patient?

A

40-60%

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5
Q

What is normal dead space for ventilated
patient?

A

> 60%

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6
Q

Why is puffs of aerosol a concern?

A

Because FiO2 will increase

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7
Q

Condensation will cause a of airflow?

A

resistance

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8
Q

What is the solution to condensation in the
tubing?

A

Drain the tube
Increase the flow

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9
Q

What is the formula for static compliance?

A

Vt/Pplat-PEEP

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10
Q

Why is static compliance important?

A

Because it tells us if the lungs are expanding
enough

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11
Q

Lack of expansion (movement) of lungs
indicates what?

A

Worsening of disease

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12
Q

As pressure increases what decreases?
What does this mean?

A

Compliance
Patient is getting worse

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13
Q

Pressure and compliance are ?

A

opposite

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14
Q

What is the alveolar air equation?

A

(PB - PH20) X FiO2 -(1.25xPaCO2) -

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15
Q

Why is the alveolar air equation important?

A

Helps to figure out the A-a gradient; which tells
us the amount of air in the alveoli and arteries.

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16
Q

What is the best view for a pleural effusion?

A

Lateral decubitus

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17
Q

What are some causes of hypercarbia?

A

Over-sedation
Head trauma
COPD

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18
Q

What is a cause of hypocarbia?

A

Narcotic drug overdose

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19
Q

Radiolucent CXR

A

Dark air pattern
Normal lungs

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20
Q

Radiodense/opacity

A

White fluids/solids
pneumonia, pleural effusion, bones

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21
Q

Infiltrates

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A

White scattered patchy
Inflammatory processes atelectasis

22
Q

Consolidation

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A

Well defined solid appearing (light)
pneumonia

23
Q

Hyperlucency

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A

Excessive dark air
Emphysema, asthma, subcutaneous
emphysema

24
Q

Vascular Markings

Study These Flashcards
A

indicate the vessels of the lungs that are usually
less prominent or not visible as they have air
within them.

25
Diffusion
Widely spread or scattered
26
Opaque
White fluids/solids pneumonia, pleural effusion, bones
27
Bilateral
Movement/sounds on both sides
28
Unilateral
Movement/sounds on one side
29
What is ARDS/IRDS?
A group of symptoms causing acute, catastrophic respiratory failure, resulting from pulmonary injury.
30
For the lung conditions to be considered ARDS, what are the three criteria that must be met?
1. Infiltrates on chest x-ray film confirm that fluid is leaking into the interstitial spaces 2. Normal heart function as evidenced by normal PWCP 3. P/F ratio < 200
31
What are the characteristics of ARDS on a CXR?
Interstitial edema Alveolar edema (fluffy infiltrate, ground glass appearance)
32
What is the treatment for ARDS?
FiO2 of 50-60% CPAP PEEP (mechanical ventilation) Tidal volume 4-6 mL/kg of IBW High peak pressures Alveolar pressure < 30cmH20 permissive hypercapnia (stop when pH is 7.20)
33
What is atelectasis?
Partial or complete lung collapse of alveoli. It may involve small or localized areas of the lung, a lobe, or the entire lung.
34
What are the characteristics of atelectais on a CXR?
Increased density (white) Elevated diaphragm Displaced interlobar fissures Mediastinal shift Altered bronchial and carinal angles
35
What is the treatment for atelectasis?
I.S. IPPB Adequate pulmonary hydration to prevent mucous plugs and mobilize secretions 02 as needed up to 50-60% Initiation of CPAP and PEEP
36
What is pleural effusion?
Excessive fluid in the pleural space
37
What are the characteristics of pleural effusion on an CXR?
Blunting of costophrenic angles Homogeneous density in dependent part of the hemithorax
38
What is the treatment for a pleural effusion?
Thoracentesis Chest tube drainage (for large pleural effusions) Supplemental 02
39
What is pneumonia?
Acute inflammation of lung parenchyma (alveoli)
40
What are the characteristics of pneumonia on a CXR?
Consolidation Air bronchogram
41
What is the treatment of pneumonia?
Antibiotics Supplemental 02 Bronchial hygiene therapy Adequate hydration Adequate nutrition Tracheal suctioning (if there is poor removal of secretions because of ineffective coughing)
42
What is a pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural space
43
What are the characteristics of pneumothorax on a CXR?
Hyperlucency
44
What is the treatment of a pneumothorax?
Needle aspiration immediately in tension pneumothorax Placement of chest tube Supplemental 02 as needed (monitor Sp02 and ABG levels)
45
What is pulmonary edema?
An excessive amount of fluid in the lung tissues or alveoli. Caused by an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure resulting from increase left-sided heart pressure.
46
What are the characteristics of pulmonary edema on a CXR?
Increased vascular markings Interstitial edema Enlarged heart shadow Bat wing appearance Kerley B lines
47
What is the treatment of pulmonary edema?
02 administration (percentage based on PaCO2 CPAP/NPPV Ventilatory support with PEEP (if condition results in acute respiratory failure) Shallow suctioning to maintain a patent airway Morphine Diuretics such as furosemide Cardiac glycosides
48
What is pulmonary embolism?
Obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by blood clot. Embolus is a clot that travels to the bloodstream from a vessel of origin to lodge in a smaller vessel, obstructing blood flow.
49
What are the characteristics of PE on a CXR?
May be normal Decreased lung volume Linear densities of atelectasis Pleural effusion Elevated hemidiaphragm caused by atelctasis
50
What is the treatment for a PE?
a. Prevention 1. Elastic stockings 2. Leg elevation 3. Ambulation 4. Small doses of heparin (an anticoagulant) given intravenously for hospitalized patients b. Anticoagulation (antithrombus) therapy 1. Heparin 2. Warfarin sodium (Coumadin) (oral medication) 3. Streptokinase or urokinase in cases of massive embolus C. Supplemental 02 d. If hypotension is present 1. Vasopressors 2. Fluids
51
What is TB?
a granulomatous bacterial infection, chronic in nature, affecting the lungs and other organs of the body.
52
What are the characteristics of TB on a CXR?
Enlarged lymph nodes in the hilar region (lymphadenopathy) Pleural effusion Cavitation Ghon complex (lung lesion and lymph node involvement) Fibrosis Infiltrates

RET 2934 (13 decks)

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