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RET 2934 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the SA node?

A

the pacemaker of the heart

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2
Q

How many impulses does the SA node produce
per minute?

A

75

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3
Q

What does Limb lead 1 measure?

A

electrical potential between the right and left
arm

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4
Q

What does Limb lead 2 measure?

A

electrical impulse between the right are and left
leg

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5
Q

What does limb lead 3 measure?

A

electrical impulse between the left arm and left
leg?

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6
Q

What is Lead AVR?

A

Leads that are connected to the right arm, left
arm, and left leg.

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7
Q

Which is the positive electrode in lead AVR?

A

The right arm

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8
Q

What is lead AVL?

A

Leads that are connected to the left arm, right
arm, and left leg?

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9
Q

What is the positive electrode in lead AVL?

A

The left arm

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10
Q

What is lead AVF?

A

leads that are connected to the left leg, right arm,
and left arm.

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11
Q

What is the positive electrode in lead AVF?

A

left leg

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12
Q

Where is lead V1 located?

A

4th intercostal space at right border of the
sternum

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13
Q

Where is lead V2 located?

A

4th intercostal space at left border of the
sternum

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14
Q

Where is the lead V3 located?

A

positioned in a straight line between leads 2 & 4

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15
Q

Where is V4 located?

A

midclavicular line at 5th intercostal space

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16
Q

Where is lead V5 located?

A

axillary line level with lead 4 horizontally

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17
Q

Where is lead V6 located?

A

midaxillary line level with lead 4 & 5 horizontally

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18
Q

Where is the 1st electrode place?

A

upper right side of the chest

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19
Q

Where is the 2nd electrode place?

A

lower left side of the chest

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20
Q

Where is the 3rd electrode placed?

A

Used as a ground and may be attached to any
location that is convenient

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21
Q

What is the p-wave?

A

represents atrial depolarization
(contraction)

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22
Q

What is the Q-wave?

A

negative wave that follows the p-wave
may be absent

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23
Q

What is the R- wave?

A

positive wave that follows the Q-wave

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24
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

(contraction)

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25
What also happens during the QRS complex that isn’t seen on the ECG?
Atrial repolarization
26
A widened QRS complex is seen with what?
Right bundle branch block PVCs
27
What is the T - wave?
positive wave represents ventricular repolarization
28
What does an inverted T - wave indicate?
coronary artery disease
29
How is the is the PR interval measured?
measured from the beginning of p-wave to beginning of q-wave
30
What does the PR interval represent?
time it takes for the impulse to travel from SA node to AV node
31
What is the duration of the PR interval?
0.12-0.20
32
If the PR interval is prolonged what does it mean?
1st or 2nd degree heart block
33
How is the ST segment measured?
from the end of the S-wave to the beginning of the T-wave
34
What does the ST segment measure?
The time required for ventricular repolarization to begin
35
If the ST segment is elevated or depressed above or below the baseline this indicates what?
cardiac ischemia
36
If the ST segment is elevated or depressed what does that mean?
coronary artery disease
37
What is sinus bradycardia?
HR <60 bpm
38
What is the rhythm for bradycardia?
regular
39
What are some wave pattern abnormalities for bradycardia?
none
40
What are some causes of sinus bradycardia?
hypothermia Increased ICP
41
What is the treatment for bradycardia?
atropine
42
What is sinus tachycardia?
HR 100 -160 bpm
43
What is the rhythm for sinus tachycardia?
regular
44
What are some wave abnormalities for sinus tachycardia?
none
45
what are some causes of sinus tachycardia?
hypoxemia
46
What is the treatment for sinus tachycardia?
treat the underlying cause & beta blockers
47
What is sinus arrhythmia?
HR 60-100 b/min
48
what is the rhythm for sinus arrhythmia?
irregular
49
what is the wave pattern for sinus arrhythmia?
R to R intervals may be longer than 0.16 seconds
50
What is significant about sinus arrhythmia?
the R wave and QRS complex varies and is inconsistent
51
what is the cause of sinus arrhythmia?
none
52
what is the treatment for a sinus arrhythmia?
none
53
What is the rate for a PAC?
60-100 b/min
54
less than 6 PACs indicates what?
minor arrhythmia
55
more than 6 PACs indicates what?
major arrhythmia
56
What is the rhythm for a PAC?
Regular except for PAC
57
what is wave pattern abnormality for a PAC?
Premature p-wave looks different from a sinus p -wave
58
what are some causes for a PAC?
CNS disturbances
59
what is the treatment for a PAC?
if more than 6 PACs per minute use lidocaine
60
What is the rate for a PVC?
60-100 b/min
61
Less than 6 PVCs per minute is considered what?
minor
62
More that 6 PVCs per minute is considered what?
Major
63
What is the wave pattern for a PVC?
the shape of the QRS complex is abnormal and wider than 0.12
64
What are some causes of PVCs?
ventricular irritability caused by hypoxia acid base disturbances electrolyte abnormalities excessive dose of digitalis
65
What is the treatment for a PVC?
Lidocaine procainamide
66
What is the rate for A-fib?
greater than 350
67
What is the rhythm for A-fib?
irregular
68
What is the wave pattern for A-fib?
the p-waves cannot be distinguished and there is an uneven baseline; PR interval is also
69
What are some causes of A-fib?
arteriosclerotic heart disease mitral stenosis valvular heart disease
70
What is the treatment for A-fib?
cardioversion proponalol digitalis
71
What is the rate for atrial flutter?
200-400 b/min (atrial) 60-150 b/min (ventricular)
72
what is the rhythm for A-flutter?
regular or irregular
73
what are some causes of A-flutter?
hypoxia
74
What is the treatment for A-flutter?
cardioversion carotid artery massage procainamide digitalis
75
What is the rate for V-tach?
140-200
76
What is the rhythm for V-tach?
regular
77
What is the wave pattern for V-tach?
2.
78
What are some causes of V-tach?
arteriosclerotic heart disease coronary artery disease myocardial ischemia
79
what is the treatment for v-tach?
CPR
80
What is the rate for V-fib?
cannot be determined
81
what is the rhythm for v-fib?
cannot be determined
82
wave pattern
no distinguishable waves
83
what are some causes for v-fib?
hypertensive heart disease

RET 2934 (13 decks)

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