Advanced Tech Flashcards
Multiplex Sensor Paper Results
The Multiplex® sensor is a precise, non-destructive tool for monitoring grape maturation, with the FERARI index being the most effective for anthocyanin measurement and the SFR index for tracking chlorophyll in Chardonnay. It enables vineyard mapping and in-situ analysis, with applications extending to other fruits and vegetables.
Secondary components
AKA Secondary metabolites
-Chemical compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in growth, development, or energy metabolism, but have specialized functions
-Produced in specific cell types, often in response to stress or environmental conditions
-Produced via biochemical pathways
Secondary metabolism: flavonoids, anthocyanins
Primary metabolism: sugars, proteins, lipids
Flavonoids
Seconday plant metabolite
Location: seeds, mosses, ferns
Functions:
-flower pigment
-UV protection
-herbivore defense
-antioxidant properties
Anthocyanins
Flavonoid pigments
Responsible for red, violet, blue colors in flowers, fruit, leaves
Water soluble: in cell vacuoles
Color: depends on pH
2 Groups:
Anthocyanidins (sugar free form)
Anthocyanins (glycosylated form with sugar molecule)
Functions:
-UV protection (protects proteins and DNA)
-attract pollinators
-antioxidants
Where are anthocyanins located?
A) Vacuoles
B) Hypodermis
C) Epidermis
Vacuoles: primarily found in vacuoles of epidermal cells in grape skin
Multiplex 3 How it works
Non- destructive, multi-wave-length, real-time method
Measures:
-chlorophyll
-flavonols
-anthocyanins
-blue green fluorescence
-Can find the Nitrogen Balance Index from the ratio of chlorophyll:flavonols
How it works:
-tech based on absorption properties of the epidermis molecules
-used screening effect of the polyphenols layer over the chlorophyll
-absorption properties of epidermis molecules
-UV light is emitted and measures the fluorescence of stilbenes and hydroxycinnamic acid
Applications:
-maturity of bunches or berries
-ripening (total soluble solids) and (nitrogen content)
-water/nutrient deficiency
-disease
-vineyard mapping
How does the Multiplex detect disease
It can measure stilbenes, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) in leaves during infection by Plasmopara viticola with different UV light climates
◦Stilbenes are not detectable in healthy leaves, but their synthesis is induced by P. viticola, and are present before visible symptoms
Resveratrol = stilbene
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Multiplex?
Advantages:
◦Easy to use
◦Provides real-time data collection
◦Good correlation between chlorophyll/nitrogen content and SFR/NBI
◦Good correlation with ripening parameters (must density) and compounds (Anthocyanins)
Disadvantages:
◦Measuring on clusters can be difficult due to their shape
◦Direct sunlight should be avoided during measurements
◦Intensive data handling is required
FACE2FACE Project
This project investigates the consequences of climate change and elevated CO2 on V. vinifera using the big rings in vineyard emiting CO2
Experiment Setup:
2014: No difference in CO₂ response between Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling.
GFS-3000 measured ambient vs. elevated CO₂ levels.
Dualex 4 assessed flavonol, chlorophyll, and NBI using UV-A, Red, and NIR LEDs.
RESULTS under elevated CO₂
Yield:
Cabernet Sauvignon → Slight yield increase
Riesling → Yield decrease
Leaf Area:
Cabernet Sauvignon → No difference between
Riesling → Larger leaves
Phenology:
No difference in development timing.
Growth Effects:
Lower chlorophyll
Higher transpiration
Yield & Quality Effects:
Higher flavonols
No change in must density.
Higher single berry weight
Innovine EU Project - GPS
GPS
maps vineyards:
-biomass
-flavonol (anthocyanins)
-chlorophyll
-nitrogen
Conclusion:
-easy to use
-good correlation between chlorophyll/nitrogen
-real time data
-good correlation with ripening and anthocyanins
-measuring clusters is difficult based on shape
-avoid direct sunlight during measurments
-intense data handling
What do you think is the reason for the reduced yield under elevated CO2 for Riesling?
Sink-Source Imbalance:
Higher flavonol accumulation suggests changes in carbon partitioning, possibly prioritizing secondary metabolism over sugar transport to berries.
This may reduce berry size, leading to lower overall yield.
Stomata:
Higher transpiration rates could lead to water stress, negatively impacting fruit set and yield.
What is the LI-600PF
A Porometer: measures stomatal conductance
Fluorometer: measures chlorophyll a flourescence
