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Grapevine Breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Is it the primary or secondary infection after a phylloxera attack that kills a grapevine?

A

The secontary infection

After the phylloxera sucking, the vine has a wound that is open for bacteria, fungi, or viruses to enter

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2
Q

What are the 6 rootstock controls? (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)

A

-PESTS: Pests and pathogenes by tolerance and resistence reactions

-PHENOLOGY: The timing and velocity of phenology
and grapevine developing

-VIGOR: The vigour of the scion variety and the associated viticultural issues

-ENVIRONMENT ADAPT: The adaptation to varying locations, thus environmental conditions (ex. drought or water logging resistance)

-UPTAKE: The appropriate supply with water and nutrients to the scion variety

-YIELD/QUALITY: The impact on yield- and quality determining parameters

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3
Q

Where is phylloxera from and what are the two types, and what part of the plant do they affect?

A

North America

radicioles: affect the roots
gallicoles: affect the leaves

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4
Q

How many days are there between phylloxera’s egg cycles, and how many eggs do they lay in their lives?

A

20-day egg cycle

they can hatch up to 200 eggs in their lives

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5
Q

In what climate do phylloxera produce more quickly (warm or cold)

A

Warm climate

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6
Q

What are the three main species of North American Vitis that are used for rootstock hybridization?

A

V. riparia
V. rupestris
V. berlandieri

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7
Q

About how many wild Vitis species exist in North America?

A

30

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8
Q

Definition of “a clone”, and how is it propogated

A

a vegetative, genetically identical, offspring of a single mother plant which must match the
varietal characteristics (variety type).

It is propagated via cuttings.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of a commercial clone?

A

-virus clean
-homogeneous
-consistently exhibits high-performance characteristics

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10
Q

What are examples of cross bred rootstocks between Berlandieri × Riparia

A

-Kober 5BB
-SO4
-5C Geisenheim
-Kober 125 AA
-Teleki 8B

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11
Q

Explain the German selection scheme for grapevine clones

A

Years: 1-3 Temporal Demand: Observation and selection of variety-typical grapevines displaying desired characteristics

Years: 4-8 Pre-testing: Clone A testing of performance and other targeted plant properties + virus test

Years: 9-13 Interim testing: The best of the A clones are propagated and further tested + virus test (now clone B)

Years: 14-18 Main testing: the best B clones are propagated and further intensified tested at various locations, registration with Federal German Variety Office

Years 18+: Establishment of a production
vineyard for certified propagation
material

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12
Q

Explain the difference between vegetative and generative propagation

A

Vegetative
Propagation: asexual
Organ: wood cutting
Characteristics: genetically identical (clone)
Benefits: genotype conserved, identical plants, uniform grapevines
Disadvantages: diseases maybe passed, no new traits

Generative
Propagation: sexual
Organ: seeds
Characteristics: genetically different (new variety)
Benefits: new variety, new traits (resistance/tolerance)
Disadvantages: time consuming, first test after a few years, unknown acceptance

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13
Q

What are the two types of vigor that rootstocks have influence on?

A

-Vegetative vigor: shoot growth & phenology (budburst, flowering, fruit set, veraison, maturity)

-Generative vigor: crop load and yield stability

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14
Q

What are the reasons of using rootstocks in viticulture? (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)

A

Main reason: to control phylloxera

Other:
vigour:
-vegetative vigour (shoot growth & phenology)
-generative vigour (crop load & yield)

to adapt to different soils (physical parameters: soil type and structure) and
challenging soil conditions (chemical parameters: higher lime, salinity)

impact on fruit quality (influencing sugar levels, organic acids, aroma compounds)

to control other soilborne pathogenes (virus-transmitting nematodes)

to adapt to special management systems (high vigour-requiring wide-spacing vineyards)

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15
Q

What are the three categories of demands on grapevine rootstocks

A

-Propagators & nurseries
-Wine growers
-Society & politics

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16
Q

What are the 7 rootstock demands from propagators and nurseries? (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)

A

fungi-/pathogen resistance
good wood maturity
secure wood production
good scion affinity
good rooting ability
little lateral shoot formation
broad ecological range

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17
Q

What are the 7 rootstock demands from wine growers? (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)

A

balanced vigour
good site adaptation
good water aquisition
good nutrient uptake
beneficial impact on yield
beneficial impact on quality
fungi/pathogen resistance

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18
Q

What are the 3 rootstock demands from society and politics? (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)

A

resource conversation
phylloxera tolerance
longevity of the vineyard

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of The Greiner-Decker training system

A
  • best way to assess and evaluate single vines
  • true to type and phytosanitary controls possible
    ** high costs due to canopy management
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the Crawling training system

A
  • suitable in regions with dry summers
  • herbicide control is difficult - but less of a probleme in hot and dry regions
    ** cheapest way of wood production
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of the Table training system?

A
  • possible to visually assess single vines
  • economical benefits, but still expensive prodcution
    ** high costs in trellising (and hail protection)
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22
Q

What is typically the highest cost in the production of rootstock material?

A

canopy management

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23
Q

Botrytis infection on wood cuttings causes:

A

nutrient loss

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24
Q

What are the major impacts German winemakers are expecting due to climate change?

A
  1. Lack of water and drought stress
  2. Shortened harvest due to simultaneous ripening
  3. Too high ripeness and too low acidity
  4. Losses due to early budding combined with late frost
  5. Crop loss due to heavy rain or hail
  6. Sensory impairment due to drought stress
  7. Stricter requirements for plant protection
  8. Stronger yield fluctuations

(Most worried about #1, 3, 7)

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25
What are two ways a clone can be adapted for stonger Botrytis resistance
-Berry skin hardness and wax protective layer -Loose-bunched clusters, with longer pedicels and rachis, or reduced berry size and or number
26
What is the Rheingau's climate category?
Now Intermediate climate -used to be cool climate -from lean and tart to now ripe and juicy
27
What are the 5 key factors to consider when selecting a rootstock?
* Soil physics (soil type, soil depth, water availability/waterlogging, etc.) * Soil chemistry (pH level, active lime content, fertility, salinity, etc.) * Soil management (type of ground cover, species composition, etc.) * Cultivation practices (training system, pruning, production goals, etc.) * Scion selection (compatibility, growth characteristics, etc.)
28
Name a few rootstocks that are suggested for cool climate viticulture:
5BB SO4 8B Libero Vinto
29
What are the primary driving forces behind the need to change grapevine varieties?
The primary driving forces are climate change and the need for sustainability in viticulture
30
What were the major pests and diseases that triggered the start of grapevine breeding activities in Europe?
phylloxera, powdery mildew, and downy mildew
31
What are some of the key challenges faced by grapevine breeders?
-the grapevine's long juvenile phase -a long breeding cycle (around 25 years) -high heterozygosity (diverse genetic makeup) -strong inbreeding depression -the need to combine multiple traits like resistance, viticultural properties, and wine quality
32
What does it mean if a grapevine has high heterozygosity
that individual plants have a very diverse genetic makeup, with many different versions of genes this makes it difficult to predict traits in offspring, select for desired traits, and leads to inbreeding depression (reduced vigor, fertility, or other negatice traits)
33
What is "stacking of resistances" in the context of grapevine breeding, and why is it important?
Stacking resistances, also known as pyramiding resistances, refers to combining multiple resistance genes in a single cultivar. It is important to increase the stability and durability of resistance against diseases
34
What is marker-assisted selection (MAS), and how is it used in grapevine breeding?
MAS involves using molecular markers to identify desired genes in plants. In grapevine breeding, it is used to select for resistance loci and other traits, like yield, without having to wait for the plant to mature
35
What are locus-specific homozygous (LSH) lines, and what is their potential in grapevine breeding?
LSH lines are homozygous for specific resistance regions, meaning their offspring will inherit those resistances. This approach could be a way to create plants with stacked resistances without the need for MAS for the resistances, and to create plants with good wine quality
36
Where do plants grow?
In the vegetative cycle: Plants grow in specific growth zones, called meristems by cell division (primary and secondary meristems)
37
How can they form the next generation?
By the sexual cycle: Pollen (male) and ovule (female); fusion of both results in a zygotic embryo;
38
Which cell division mechanisms are behind propagation strategies?
 Vegetative (asexual) cycle: mitosis  Generative (sexual) cycle: meiosis
39
Explain the asexual vegetative cycle, where and how it happens
Place: meristems Cell division: mitosis genetically identical daughter cells the ploidy level (chromosomes) remains the same (diploid) Conservation of genotypes
40
What is the use of vegetative propagation in breeding?
a strategy to preserve the variety
41
Explain the sexual generative cycle, where and how it happens
Place: flowers Cell division: meiosis Development of pollen and ovules not genetically identical ploidy level (chromosomes) is reduced by half (haploid)
42
What is the use of generative propagation in plant breeding?
produce new varieties with new features
43
Give advantages and disadvantages to vegetative propagation:
Advantage: in habitats with optimal conditions, a rapid increase in the number of individuals Disadvantages: * in times of climate change: poorer adaptation to environmental conditions * Diseases remain in the plants
44
Give advantages and disadvantages for generative propagation:
Advantage: adaptability to new environmental conditions Disadvantage: if the habitat is optimal, new offsprings could be less adapted to the environment Advantage of seeds: * large number * easily distributed * long-term storage * diseases from parents possibly not transmitted
45
What are the requirements for the in vitro plant tissue culture?
* sterile conditions * in special, artifical nutrient solutions * under artificial light conditions (16 h light – 8 h dark) * temperature 24-26°C * High humidity
46
In plant propagation, what are one-node cuttings used for?
* Rapid clonal propagation
47
In plant propagation, what are shoot apices/meristems used for?
Production of pathogen-free plants
48
In plant propagation, what are leaves used for?
* Propagation, somatic embrygenesis * Source material for culture of protoplasts, or single cell suspensions for gene transfer
49
In plant propagation, what are anthers used for?
* Production of haploid plants (development of fertile pollen) * In Vitis: cultivation of immature anthers results in the development of somatic embryos (identical genetic information with the plant of origin) * Method for separation of Chimera A little bit about Chimeras: Grapevines can be periclinal chimeras, where different cell layers (L1, L2, L3) have different genetic compositions. This can cause leaf deformity and color variation. When immature anthers are cultured, they can produce somatic embryos that originate from a specific genetic layer, effectively separating the distinct cell layers. This allows for the production of genetically uniform plants, eliminating unwanted mutations or genetic mosaics.
50
In plant propagation, what are seeds from zygotic embryos and somatic embryos used for?
* Hybrid crossings - Embryo rescue * Eradication of virus
51
In plant propagation, what are callus cultures used for?
* Production of secondary phytonutrients
52
Define and explain the totipotency of cells:
Definition: the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all differentiated cells in an organism * Every cell contains the same genetic constitution/informations * some of those cells retains a latent capacity to produce a whole plant. *Totipotency is normally * a special characteristic of cells in young tissues and meristems, in cambial cells * sometimes in differentiated cells by remeristematization * The regeneration potential is different in different species and tissues
53
What part of the plant is needed to start a culture for micropropagation with Vitis?
* Single- or multiple nodes * Axillary buds * Shoot tips * Shoot apices, Meristeme
54
What are the aims of micropropagation?
 production of a large number of individuals with the same genetic constitution (clones)  rapid propagation of the starting material  with seasonal independence  preservation of healthy material  steril plants
55
What are the advantages and disadvantages of micropropagation in Vitis?
Advantages: 1. Independence from the season: plant production whole year 2. High propagation rate in a short time 3. Less space are required for propagation 4. Healthy back-up of the healthy mother plants 5. Pathogen free cultivation, avoiding contaminations with diseases (like in vinyards) Disadvantages: 1. Advanced skills are required 2. No universal media protocol for all varieties 3. Sometimes long time to establish suitable protocols 4. After adaptation to field conditions the phenotype can deviate („somaclonal variation“) 5. Adaption to ex vitro-conditions is necessary, step by step:  growth of root-hair,  development of cuticle on the leaves  build-up of efficient photosynthesis rate  adaption to lower humidity  Stomata regulation
56
What is the aim of a shoot tip culture
-clonal mass propagation -elimination of virus
57
What is organogenesis, how is it initiated?
Plant propagation of an adventitious sprout formation of new tissues capable of dividing and growth from already differentiated cells Initiated by injury, a cut in the leaf Normally no genetic variability
58
Explain callus culture and its uses
Callus = „tissue“, that arises from unregulated growth of division from already differentiated cells, e.g. when wounded Use of callus culture: 1. Generation of suspension cultures (starting point with single cells and protoplasts) 2. Generation of somatic embryos
59
What are the 5 methods for eradication of plant viruses?
1. Meristem culture/Shoot tip culture 2. Thermotherapy (heat treatment) 3. Chemotherapy (chemicals, eradicates Grapevine virus A) 4. Regeneration systems: somatic embryogenesis (immature anthers or pistills) 5. Cryotherapy/Cryopreservation (freezing -196 C in liquid N2)
60
For propagation, what is required for the culture medium composition?
1. micro- & macronutrients * salt-solution necessary for growth of plants 2. various vitamins 3. saccharose as carbon source 4. phytohormones (plant growth regulators) which are capable of modifying growth or plant morphogenesis 5. solidified medium with gelling agent: gelrite
61
What are the 9 macronutrients?
* Carbon (C) * Oxygen (O) * Hydrogen (H) * Nitrogen (N) * Calcium (Ca) * Magnesium (Mg) * Potassium (K) * Sulphur (S) * Phosphorus (P)
62
What are the 8 micronutrients:
* Chlorine (Cl) * Zinc (Zn) * Iron (Fe) * Copper (Cu) * Boron (B) * Nickel (Ni) * Manganese (Mn) * Molybdenum (Mo)
63
What are phytohormones and what are the main two?
Plant growth regulators, chemical signals Produced by plants Coordinate: -plant growth -development and differentiation -reactions to environment Examples: Auxin, Cytokinin
64
What are the transportation directions of Auxins and Cytokinins
Auxin: shoot tip -> root Cytokinins: root -> shoot
65
Describe where Auxin is produced and what it does for plant growth:
Produced in apical meristems and embryos -cell devision and elongation -production of roots
66
Describe where cytokinin is produced and what it does for plant growth:
Produced in actively growing tissue of roots, embryos, and fruit -aids in cell division and growth -shoot development
67
Explain the Auxin to Cytokinin ratio and its effects on grapevine tissure culture
The ratio determines whether the cultured tissue will develop into roots, shoots, or callus High Ax/Low Cy: promotes root formation High Cy/Low Ax: promotes shoot growth Equal of both: Leads to callus formation
68
What are some techniques used for grafting (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)
Manual grafting by hand -whip & tongue (English copulation): diagonal cut with interlocking tongue Mechanical grafting -omega: interlocking cut Field Grafting: Top grafting: changes the variety but keeping rootstock
69
What are the possible way to get tissue culture from grapevines? (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)
1. Micropropagation: Cloning from nodes, auxillary buds, shoot tips, or meristems grown in a culture. (what we did in the lab) 2. Meristem/shoot tip culture: Clonal mass propagation and elimination of viruses by growth of only the shoot tip with meristem cells 3. New plant by organogenesis: Plant propagation of an adventitious sprout. Formation of new tissues capable of dividing and growth from already differentiated cells 4. Callus culture: „tissue“, that arises from unregulated growth of division from already differentiated cells, e.g. when wounded

Geisenheim Viticulture (10 decks)

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