Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Organisms 2 > AEBI 211 midterm 1 > Flashcards

AEBI 211 midterm 1 Flashcards

(101 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Name the major Metazoan phyla (11)

A
  • Porifera
  • Ctenophora
  • Cnidaria
  • Echinodermata
  • Hemichordata
  • Chordata
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Mollusca
  • Annelida
  • Nematoda
  • Arthropoda
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When was the Earth formed?

A

approx. 4.6 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or False: Early earth had atmosphere, soil and oceans

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When did Prokaryotic life form?

A

approx. 4 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis?

A

Compounds characteristic of life formed slowly over time from simple molecules present in the prebiotic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What simple compounds did early atmosphere consist of?

A

water vapor
Hydrogen gas
ammonia
carbon dioxide
methane
limited free oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the miller- Urey experiment and what were the results?

A

circulated a mixture of water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia using electrical spark as an energy source
results: in a week 15% of the carbon converted to organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are polymers formed and why ?

A

within semipermeable amphiphilic membranes because in aqueous solutions polymers would tend to be hydrolyzed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define amphiphilic

A

one part soluble in water (polar), another part insoluble in water (non-polar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Place in correct order:
1. Packaging of macromolecules into membranes to form protocells

  1. Formation of macromolecules (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids)

3.Origin of self-replicating molecules and true cells

  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
A
      1. 3.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what was the first step in the development of life on this planet?

A

chemical evolution: formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Organic evolution

A

The process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false: Darwin and Wallace independently conceived of the idea of natural selection

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What were the foundation for natural selection?

A

Geology: history of life on earth is long and changing
Economics: population pressures
Embryology: similarities among organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false: Natural selection as a theory was accepted before evolution

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which other historical figures worked on evolution (2)

A

Lamark: acquired traits
Mary Anning: paleontologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 5 theories summarize Darwin’s views?

A

Perpetual change
Common descent
Multiplication of species
gradualism
Natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the 5 theories that summarize Darwin’s views are accepted as having universal application throughout the living world?

A

perpetual change
common descent
multiplication of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is evidence of perpetual change?

A

fossil record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is the fossil record biased?

A

Hard structures are best preserved.
Soft-bodied animals such as jellyfish and worms are under-represented.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the evidence of common descent?

A

organismal form, cellular structure, and genetics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 8 shared characteristics of living things?

A

chemical uniqueness
complexity and hierarchical organization
reproduction
possession of genetic program
Metabolism
Development
Environmental interaction
movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is genetic code?

A

correspondence between sequence of nucleotides in DNA and sequences of amino acids in protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is the genetic code universal?

A

no but nearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is homology?
Similarity of parts or organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or organ in a common ancestor
26
True or false: Homologous features are transmitted to all descendant lineages.
True
27
What are reproductive barriers?
Biological factors that prevent interbreeding
28
what often causes reproductive barriers?
geographical barriers
29
What is gradualism?
Small changes accumulate steadily over time sudden changes are more likely to have negative side effects
30
what is punctuated equilibrium?
Long periods of stasis punctuated by brief events of speciation
31
What are the two possible evolutionary fates for every species
give rise to new species become extinct
32
Define natural selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
33
Define adaptation
a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment
34
Name an animal group that belongs to porifera
sponges
35
Name an animal group that belong to Ctenophora
comb jellies
36
Name an animal group that belong to Cnidaria
jellyfish, anemones, corals
37
Name an animal group that belong to Platyhelminthes
Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes
38
Name an animal group that belong to Annelida
marine worms, earthworms, leeches
39
Name an animal group that belong to Mollusca
snails, clams, octopuses, squid
40
Name an animal group that belong to Nematoda
round worms
41
Name an animal group that belong to Arthropoda
Lobsters, crabs, spiders, insects, centipedes,millipedes
42
Name an animal group that belong to Echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
43
Name an animal group that belong to hemichordata
Acorn worms
44
Name an animal group that belong to chordata
vertebrates
45
Which of the following was NOT an observation in Darwins explanatory model of evolution by natural selection A. natural resources are limited B. Variation occurs among organisms within populations C. Organisms have great potential for fertility D. Genetic variation is heritable
D
46
Name 4 misconceptions about natural selection
1. survival of the fittest means survival of the strongest 2. Evolution is random 3. mutations are favorable 4. every feature can be explained as an adaptation
47
how do complex traits evolve
advantageous intermediates exaptations
48
what is an exaptation?
process by which features acquire functions for which they were not originally adapted or selected
49
Define macroevolution
pertains to evolution on a long timescale.
50
Define microevolution
pertains to evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within populations
51
Define Biological species concept
characterizes species by their ability to interbreed to produce fertile offspring
52
What is an interspecific hybrid?
offspring produces by mating of individuals from two different species. can be fertile and mate with other hybrids or either of parental species
53
Define Morphological species concept
characterizes species by body shape and other morphological features
54
Define ecological species concept
Characterizes species in terms of its ecological niche
55
which is more common allopatric or sympatric speciation
allopatric
56
what is allopatric speciation?
in another land (founder effect)
57
what is sympatric speciation?
in same land
58
What are two ways that allopatric speciation occurs?
vicariant speciation and founder effect
59
Define homology
character similarly resulting from common ancestry
60
Define analogy
Non-homologous due to convergent evolution (not inherited from common ancestor)
61
What is the goal of cladistics
Infer the evolutionary tree that relates all extant and extinct species
62
What is a monophyletic clade?
includes the most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor
63
What is a paraphyletic clade?
includes the most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor
64
What is a polyphyletic clade?
Does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group(group has at least two evolutionary origins
65
What does Protista include?
Protozoa: animal-like unicellular eukaryotes Protophyta: plant-like unicellular eukaryotes fungus-like slime molds
66
true or false: Protista is recognized as a valid clade?
false
67
What is polytomy?
A node on a phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single common ancestor
68
What does polytomy indicate?
we don't know the relationship between the descendent lineages or descendent lineages speciated simultaneously
69
How do you discover a new species?
Compare morphological, genetic features, physiological features to known specimen.
70
Who is the father of taxonomy?
Linnaeus
71
Name the taxonomic ranks
Life- Domain- Kingdom- Phylum- Class- Order- Family- Genus- Species
72
How many domains are there?
3
72
How many kingdoms are there?
5-6
72
what are some problems with modern taxonomy?
1-not governed by any international body 2-skewed towards pedagogical convenience rather than a true reflection of phylogeny 3-Hierarchical ranks are difficult and outdated
72
What are the three domains?
Bacteria archaea eukaryota
73
What are the 6 kingdoms
metazoa plantae fungi Protista bacteria and archaea
73
What groups make up life?
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota
74
What makes up Eukaryota?
Plantae, Protista, Unikonta
75
What makes up Unikonta?
Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta
76
What makes up Opisthokonta?
Fungi, choanoflagellates, metazoa
77
In the phylogenetic tree for Metazoa, which groups form a polytomy?
Cnidaria and Ctenophora
78
What are the two major reproduction strategies?
Asexual and sexual reproduction
79
Name an advantage of asexual reproduction.
Quick and energy efficient
80
Name two disadvantages of asexual reproduction.
diversity depends on mutation Muller's ratchet: accumulation of deleterious mutations
81
name an advantage of sexual reproduction
genetic variation
82
name two disadvantages of sexual reproduction
Energetically costly males do not directly produce offspring
83
What are the five types of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission Multiple fission Budding Gemmulation Fragmentation
84
Define binary fission
Parent divides by mitosis into two parts each grows into an individual similar to the parent
85
Define multiple fission
nucleus divides repeatedly, cytoplasmic division then produces many daughter cells simultaneously
86
Define budding
Unequal division of an organism, bud is an outgrowth of the parent
87
Define gemmulation
Formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells, cells are surrounded by a resistant capsule( sponges)
88
Define fragmentation
breaks into two or more fragments that become a new individual
89
What are three types of sexual reproduction?
Bisexual reproduction Hermaphroditism parthenogenesis
90
What does dioecious mean?
Having male and female gonads in separate individuals
91
What does monoecious mean?
Having both male and female gonads in the same organism; hermaphroditic
92
What does oviparous mean?
Reproduction in which eggs are released by the female, development of offspring occurs outside the maternal body,
93
What does viviparous mean?
Reproduction in which eggs develop within the female body, which provides nutritional aid
94
Is fertilization of oviparous organisms external or internal?
both
95
Is fertilization of viviparous organisms internal or external?
internal
96
What does ovoviviparous mean?
Reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent, hatch within the parent or immediately after laying
97
Is ovoviviparous organism fertilization internal or external?
Internal

Organisms 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions