AEBI 211 midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are 6 key events in animal development?
A
- Gamete formation
- Fertilization
- Cleavage
- Gastrulation
- Organogenesis
- Growth
2
Q
What is a gamete?
A
Mature haploid male or female germ cell
3
Q
What is an egg?
A
An organic vessel where an embryo develops/ an ovum
4
Q
What is an ovum?
A
the female reproductive or germ cell
5
Q
True or false: eggs vary significantly among taxa
A
True
6
Q
How big is a human egg?
A
Approx 100 microns
7
Q
True or false: eggs don’t have the normal components of somatic cells
A
False
8
Q
What is the role of yolk?
A
provides energy during development
9
Q
What does the animal pole have?
A
most of the cytoplasm and the nucleus
10
Q
What does the vegetal pole have ?
A
most of the yolk
11
Q
What is isolecithal?
A
very little yolk, evenly distributed throughout the egg (placental mammals)
12
Q
What is Mesolecithal?
A
Moderate amount of yolk concentrated at vegetal pole ( amphibians)
13
Q
What is Telolecithal?
A
Abundance of yolk densely concentrated at vegetal pole ( birds, reptiles, fish)
14
Q
What is Centrolecithal?
A
Large centrally located mass of yolk
15
Q
What does lots of yolk indicate?
A
young exhibit direct development
16
Q
What does little yolk indicate?
A
young exhibit indirect development
17
Q
What does fertilization mean?
A
Gametes unite to form a Zygote
18
Q
What is a zygote?
A
A diploid cell resulting from fusion of male and female gametes
19
Q
What happens during the cleavage stage ?
A
Embryo divides repeatedly without growth, single large egg cell becomes many smaller cells called blastomeres
20
Q
What is the zygote called at the end of cleavage?
A
Blastula
21
Q
True or false: cell division occurs more easily in cytoplasm than yolk
A
True
22
Q
What are the two types of cleavage?
A
Holoblastic and Meroblastic
23
Q
What does holoblastic mean?
A
complete and approximately equal divisions of cells
24
Q
What does meroblastic mean?
A
restricted to small area of egg
25
Is isolecithal meroblastic or holoblastic?
Holoblastic
26
IS Mesolecithal holo or meroblastic?
holoblastic
27
Is telolecithal mero or holoblastic?
Meroblastic
28
IS Centrolecithal mero or holoblastic?
Meroblastic
29
True or false: cleavage has no sense of direction
false, spiral and radial
30
What is the fluid-filled cavity most animal cells are formed around?
Blastocoel
31
True or false: all multicellular animals go through blastulation
true
32
What is gastrulation?
converts the spherical blastula into a two or three layered embryo
33
How many germ layers does the blastula have?
1
34
How many layers does the gastrula have?
2 or 3
35
Does the blastula have endoderm?
No
36
What is the process where one side of the blastula bends inward
Invagination
37
What is the internal pouch of the gastrula called?
Gut cavity/ archenteron/ gastrocoel
38
What is the opening to the gut cavity called in gastrula?
blastopore
39
What is the lining of the blastocoel called?
ectoderm
40
What do we call when the gut of the gastrula opens only at the blastopore?
Blind gut
41
Name a species that has a blind gut ( mouth but no anus)
Xenoturbella churro
42
True or false: most animals have a blind gut
false complete gut
43
True or false: the blastopore always becomes the mouth
false, differentiates protostomes and deuterostomes
44
What is the third layer called?
mesoderm
45
What is the mesoderm formed from?
endoderm
46
What is the coelom?
cavity surrounded by mesoderm
47
What do you call animals that develop two germ layers?
diploblastic
48
What do you call animals that form three germ layers?
Triploblastic
49
Give an example of diploblastic animals
cnidaria and ctenophora
50
What do organs develop from?
specific germ layers
51
What is the first event in organogenesis?
Formation of the nervous system
52
What is the nervous system formed from?
the ectoderm
53
Which organ is the first to be functional?
heart
54
What is the heart formed from?
Mesoderm
55
What is the longest phase of animal development?
Growth
56
What are the 4 steps of formation of chicken egg?
Fertilization
albumen (white) added
Shell membrane added
shell added
57
What does schizocoely mean?
coelom forms by splitting, band of mesoderm forms around gut before coelom forms
58
What does Enterocoely mean?
Coelom forms by out pocketing, mesoderm and coelom for at same time,Gastrulation begins with one side of the blastula bending inward forming the
archenteron (endoderm)
59
What does acoelomate mean ?
no coelom
60
Name an acoelomate phylum?
Platyhelminthes
61
What does pseudocoelomate mean?
have coelom but only part of opening is lined with mesoderm Gut is not lined
62
give an example of pseudocoelomates?
round worms
63
Give an example of eucoelomates
earthworms
64
What pody plans can schizocoely form?
All three (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate,
coelomate)
65
What body plans can enterocoely form?
Eucoelomate
66
True or false: The eggs cytoplasm is homogenous
False
67
True or flase cytoplasmic determinants are evenly distributed in egg cytoplasm
False
68
What do cytoplasmic determinants in egg cytoplasm partition among?
blastomeres ( unequally)
69
What does cytoplasm specification lead to?
cell differentiation
70
Cytoplasmic specification is associated to which kind of development?
Mosaic development
71
What does conditional specification mean?
Cell fate is not fixed until it receives positional information from
neighboring cells
72
What is induction?
capacity of some cells to evoke a developmental
response from other cells
73
Conditional specification is associated to which kind of development?
Regulative development
74
Which kind of development do humans use?
Regulative development
75
What happens if you experimentally separate blastomeres
from organisms that use mosaic development?
The separate blastomeres result in defective larvae
76
What happens if you experimentally separate blastomeres
from organisms that use regulative development.
All blastomeres result in normal larvae
77
How many metazoan phyla are there?
34
78
What are the major metazoan clades?
Protostomia and deuterostomia
79
What do Lophotrochozoan Protostome have?
Members generally possess
trochophore larvae or a lophophore
80
What characterizes ecdysozoan protostome?
Members shed cuticle as they grow
81
Give an example of Lophotrochozoan Protostome
Plathyhelminthes, Mollusca,
Annelida
82
Give an example of Ecdysozoan Protostome
Nematoda, Arthropoda
83
Give an example of Deuterostomia
Chordata, Echinodermata,
Hemichordata
84
What 4 developmental characters can Protostomes and Deuterostomes be identified by?
Fate of blastopore
cleavage patterns
Fate of cells
Coelom formation
85
What major clades are protostomes further divided into?
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
86
What is the fate of the blastopore in protostome?
Blastopore becomes the mouth
87
What is the fate of the blastopore in deuterostome?
Blastopore becomes anus
88
What cleavage pattern occurs in most lophotrochozoan protostomes?
spiral cleavage
89
What cleavage pattern occurs in most deuterostomes?
radial cleavage
90
what happens in the first cleavage of deuterostome?
First cleavage plane passes through the animal-vegetal axis giving rise to two
identical blastomeres
91
What happens in the second cleavage of deuterostomes?
Second cleavage occurs simultaneously in both blastomeres and oriented parallel to
animal-vegetal axis but perpendicular to first cleavage
92
What happens after the third cleavage of deuterostomes
After third cleavage, upper tier of cells sits directly on top of the tier of cells below
93
What kind of development characterizes most lophotrochozoan protostomes?
mosaic development
94
what kind of development characterizes most deuterostomes?
regulative development
95
How is the coelom formed in protostome?
schizocoely
96
How is the coelom formed in deuterostome?
enterocoely
97
What characterizes Bacteria?
Prokaryotic – no nucleus or organelles
DNA in form of plasmids
98
What characterizes archaea?
Prokaryotic – no nucleus or organelles
DNA in form of plasmids
Some are extremophiles
99
What characterizes Protista?
Eukaryotic – membrane bound nucleus and organelles
DNA in form of chromosomes (in nucleus)
100
What are two competing hypotheses on the placement of eukaryotes withing the tree of life?
Eocyte hypothesis
Woese hypothesis
101
What is the woese hypothesis?
three domains, archaea and eukarya are sister taxa
102
What is Eocyte hypothesis?
Two domains, Eukarya emerged from within the diversity of archaea
103
What are the disadvantages of being unicellular?
size is limited
shorter life span
no division of labour
104
Why are unicellular eukaryotes size limited?
Surface/volume ratio decreases as cells get bigger
Internal region of cell becomes too big to be
supported by the plasma membrane
105
What are the advantages of being unicellular?
rapid reproduction
minimal sources required
106
What characterizes unicellular eukaryotes?
Complete organisms
mostly motile
require moisture
cause many diseases in humans and other animals
107
What are modes of locomotion in unicellular eukaryotes?
Flagella
Cilia
pseudopodia
108
What are flagella?
Whiplike organelle of locomotion
109
What is cilia?
A hairlike organelle found on many animal cells
110
What is pseudopodia?
A temporary cytoplasmic protrusion extended out from an ameboid cell
serves for locomotion or engulfing food
111
true or false: cilia and flagella are morphologically the same
true
112
What are undulipodia made up of?
nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair
113
how do cilia propel water?
parallel to cell surface
114
How do flagella propel water?
Parallel to flagellum axis
115
What does the cytoplasm of pseudopodia consist of?
Ectoplasm semi-solid outer layer
Endoplasm inner fluid
116
what characterizes amoebas?
irregular shape
travel using pseudopodia
plasma membrane can be covered with a test or shell
117
What is an autotroph?
self feeding
118
What is a heterotroph?
Consumes other life
119
What is a holozoic feeder?
ingest visible particles of food
120
What is a saprozoic feeder?
ingest food in a soluble form
121
Name the steps of phagocytosis
plasma membrane folds around food
membrane is pinched off at surface
The food particle is in an intracellular membrane
bound vesicle the food vacuole or phagosome
Lysosomes, small vesicles containing digestive
enzymes, fuse with the food vacuole and pour their
contents into it
Digestion begins
122
What is a cytosome?
cell mouth in many unicellular eukaryotes, site of phagocytosis
123
What is a Cytoproct?
Site on a unicellular eukaryote where undigested matter is expelled, occurs in many ciliates
124
What is symbiosis?
The living together of two different species in an intimate
relationship
125
Name 3 types of symbiotic relationships
mutualistic
parasitic
commensalistic
126
Give an example of mutualistic symbiosis
Termites and flagellate protozoans in their gut
127
How do unicellular eukaryotes reproduce?
asexually and some can sexually
128
What types of asexual reproduction can paramecium do?
binary fission
conjugation
129
true or false: paramecium are multinucleate
true
130
What is the role of the macronucleus in paramecium?
Metabolism, synthesis, development
131
What is the role of Micronucleus in paramecium?
sexual reproduction
132
How do the Micronuclei divide in paramecium?
mitotically
133
How do the macronuclei divide in paramecium?
amitotically
134
What is amitotic cell division?
DNA replicates but doesn’t go
through the normal steps of
mitosis
135
What is conjugation?
temporary union of two
individuals to exchange chromosomal material
136
What are Apicomplexa
a phylum of parasitic protists
137
What are endoparasites?
lives within another organism(s)
138
What are ectoparasites?
live outside of host
139
Are Apicomplexa endo or ectoparasites?
endo
140
What does plasmodium reproduction require?
Definitive host = insect (sexual stage)
Intermediate host = vertebrate (asexual stage)
141
What is a definitive host?
The host in which sexual reproduction of a symbiont occurs
142
What is an intermediate host?
A host in which some development of a symbiont occurs, but in which
maturation and sexual reproduction do not occur
143
What does schizogony result in?
Schizogony (multiple fission)
sporozoite (n) to many merozoites (n)
144
What does sporogony result in?
Sporogony (special case of schizogony)
zygote (2n) to many sporozoites (n)
145
What are the tree stages of life of plasmodium?
Sporozoite: motile spore stage
merozoite: intermediate stage
Trophozoite: adult stage
146
What is a microgametozyte?
smaller of the two gametocytes considered male
147
What is a macrogametocyte?
Larger of the two gametocytes, considered female
148
What is an ookinete?
Motile zygote of malarial parasites
149
Are ookinetes haploid or diploid?
diploid
150
What is a gametocyte?
Immature gamete
151
Are gametocytes haploid or diploid?
haploid
152
What are the 5 levels of organismal complexity?
protoplasmic
cellular
cell-tissue
tissue-organ
organ- system
153
What does protoplasmic mean?
unicellular organisms
154
What does colonial mean?
aggregation of undifferentiated cells
155
What does multicellular mean?
aggregation of cells that are functionally different
156
What characterizes the cell- tissue level?
cells aggregate into patterns or layers
true tissue secretes extracellular matrix in form of a basement membrane on which cells sit
157
What is a tissue?
group of similar cells organized to perform a common function
158
What characterizes the tissue-organ level?
organs contain more than one type of tissue
more specialized function
159
What characterizes the organ-system level?
organs work together in a system
160
Name 4 groups that are part of the kingdom of fungi
yeasts
rusts and smuts
Mould and mildew
mushrooms
161
What differentiates fungi from plants?
fungi do not have chlorophyll
fungi have cell walls that are composed of chitin not cellulose
162
What important ecological function do fungi have?
decomposers
163
Name 3 photoautotrophs
plants, algae, cyanobacteria
164
Name 2 chemoautotrophs
animals and fungi
165
What characterizes the phylum porifera?
no organs or true tissues
no nervous system or sense organs
sessile and attached
limited body movement
radial symmetry
aquatic
166
What is a sponge?
An assemblage of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix and supported by a skeleton of minute needle like spicules and protein
167
What are the tree basic forms of sponges?
Asconoid – flagellated spongocoel
Syconoid – flagellated canals
Leuconoid – flagellated chambers
168
What are the two kinds of body openings in poriferaand what are they for?
many ostia for incoming water
one large oscula as water outlets
169
In asconoid sponges how does the water move?
Water enters through ostia
into spongocoel
Water is pulled out of a single
large osculum
170
What is the spongocoel lined with in asconoid sponges?
choanocytes
171
How does water move in syconoid sponges?
In through incurrent canals
into radial canals through prosopyles
into spongocoel through apopyles
exits through osculum
172
What part of syconoid sponges are lined with choanocytes?
Radial canals
173
What part of leuconoid sponges is lined with choanocytes?
flagellated chambers
174
True or false: leuconoid sponges have spongocoel
false
175
How are cells arranges in porifera?
in layers or loosely arranged in the mesophyl
176
Name 4 cell types of porifera
pinacocyte
porocyte
choanocyte
archaeocyte
177
What is a pinacocyte?
epithelial type cell, closest thing to a tissue in a sponge
178
What is a porocyte?
pore cell only in asconoid sponges
179
What are choanocytes?
Flagellated collar cells
180
What are choanocytes imbedded in?
mesophyl
181
What do choanocytes do?
Move water, collect food particles and consume by phagocytosis
182
What are archaeocyte cells?
amoeboid cells
183
What is the function of skeleton is porifera?
Skeleton prevents collapse of canals and chambers
184
What is spongin?
A FORM OF COLLAGEN SECRETED BY CLASS DEMOSPOngiae, form skeletal network of some sponges
185
How do sponges feed?
Feed on particles suspended in the water
186
How do sponges perform respiration and excretion?
by diffusion
187
What transports oxygen and nutrients to other parts of the sponge?
archaeocytes
188
What are sponges dependent on?
a current of water
flowing through bod
189
How do sponges reproduce?
Sexually and asexually
190
How do sponges reproduce asexually?
fragmentation
budding
gemmulation
191
What do sperm an oocytes develop from?
choanocytes
192
True or false: most sponges are viviparous
true
193
What can animal body plans be characterized by?
number of germ layers
types of body cavities
organismal complexity
symmetry
194
Name 5 types of symmetry
asymmetrical
spherical
Radial: tube or vase-like
biradial: radial with additional structure
bilateral: right and left sides
195
What is cephalization?
differentiation of a head region and the concentration of nervous tissues and sense organs in
the front area
196
What is associated with cephalization?
bilateral symmetry
197
What is radial symmetry?
Body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis
198
what is biradial symmetry?
Radially symmetrical with the exception of a body part that is paired
199
name three planes of symmetry
frontal plane
sagittal plane
transverse plane
200
what is frontal plane?
divides body into dorsal and ventral halves
201
what is sagittal plane?
divides body into right and left
202
What is transverse plane?
divides body into anterior and posterior halves
203
What does medial mean?
midline body
204
What does distal mean?
parts farther from the middle of body
205
What does proximal mean?
parts are nearer the middle of body
206
207
What kind of symmetry do cnidaria and ctenophora have?
radial
208
What level of organization do cnidaria and ctenophora have?
cell-tissue
209
How many germ layers do cnidaria and ctenophora have?
diploblastic
210
What type of gut do cnidaria and ctenophora have?
blind gut
211
Are cnidarians very mobile?
no, they are mostly sessile or slow moving
212
Who frequently live as mutualists with cnidarians
algae
213
true or false: cnidarians are terrestrial
false, mostly marine
214
Name 4 classes that belong to phylum cnidaria
hydrozoa
scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa
215
what are the characteristics of Eumetazoa?
multicellular animal with distinct germ layers
Has true tissues
includes cnidaria and ctenophora but not porifera
all eumetazoans other than cnidarians and ctenophores exhibit primary bilateral symmetry
216
What are the two morphological types of cnidaria?
polyp: sessile
medusa: floating
217
What does dimorphic mean?
exhibit both poly and medusa form
218
What is the mouth surrounded by in polyp form?
tentacles
219
What attaches the polyp to substratum?
pedal disc
220
What side of the medusa is the mouth centered on?
Concave side
221
What is mesoglea?
jellylike layer between tissue layers in cnidarians
222
True or false: mesoglea is thicker in polyp form
False
223
True or false: cnidarians have a heart and circulatory system
false
224
How do cnidarians breathe?
respiration by diffusion
225
Do cnidarians use extracellular or intracellular digestion?
Both
226
True or False: cnidarians have a centralized nervous system
false
227
What are rhopalia used for in cnidarians?
balance and light perception
228
how do medusae reproduce?
sexually
229
Describe the life cycle of aurelia (moon jelly)
1- sperm fertilizes egg in gastric pouch(medusa)
2-zygote develops on arms of female
3- planula larva attaches and becomes scyphistoma( polyp form)
4- scyphistoma can bud to form other polyps
5- becomes a strobila
6- releases saucerlike buds called ephyrae
7- ephyrae grow into mature jellyfish
230
How can Hydra and anemones move slowly?
by gliding on pedal disc
231
What are the sting cells of cnidarians called?
cnidocytes
232
What is a cnida?
stinging organelle
233
What is a nematocyst?
most common type of cnida, can have toxin
234
What is a cnidocil?
modified cilium that triggers the nematocyst to fire
235
True or false: freshwater hydra have no medusa stage
true
236
True or false: the Portuguese man-of-war is made of one individual
false, many
237
Is the true jellyfish (class scyphozoa) monoecious?
no, dioecious
238
how does the polyp and medusa form of true jellyfish reproduce?
medusa: sexually
polyp: asexually
239
What class does the box jellyfish belong to?
cubozoa
240
Where do tentacles occur in box jellyfish?
corners of square
241
What form is most prominent in cube jellyfish?
medusa
242
What class do these belong to: anemones, corals, sea fans
anthozoa
243
Do anthozoans have a medusa stage?
no
244
Do ctenophorans have nematocysts?
no
245
What do ctenophorans have instead of nematocysts?
colloblasts, release sticky substance instead of venom
246
Name a mutual symbiosis involving cnidarians?
clownfish and sea anemones
247
What do u call it when the clownfish cant live without the anemone?
obligate mutualism
248
What do u call it when the sea anemone can survive without a clownfish?
facultative mutualism
249
What is the benefit to the clownfish to have symbiosis with the anemone?
protection
250
What is the benefit to the anemone to have symbiosis with clownfish?
provide nitrogen
increase water circulation
chase away other fish
251
what kind of partnership is crab-cnidarian symbiosis?
obligate for crab
252
Where do coral reefs get their colours from?
zooxanthellae algae
253
What kind of skeleton do worms have?
hydrostatic
254
What are most species of flatworms?
parasitic
255
What level of organization do Platyhelminthes have?
tissue-organ
256
What kind of gut do platyhelminthes have?
incomplete gut
257
What kind of symmetry do platyhelminthes have?
bilateral
258
Name three classes of platyhelminthes?
turbellaria
cestoda
trematoda
259
Which class of platyhelminthes is not parasitic?
turbellaria
260
How do tuebellarians reproduce?
Sexual: monoecious
asexual: transverse fission
261
What is the function of the scolex in cestoda?
attachement to the host
262
What is the strobila of cestoda?
main body composed of chain of proglotproglottidsids
263
What are proglottids?
complete hermaphroditic reproductive units containing ovaries and testes
264
What is strobilation?
repeated transverse segmentation
265
What does gravid mean?
carrying eggs
266
Where are gravid proglottids excreted?
in hosts feces
267
What is an endoparasite?
parasite that resides inside of its host?
268
What is an ectoparasite?
parasite that resides outside of its host
269
What kind of body cavity do nematodes have?
pseudocoelomate
270
What kind of gut do nematodes have?
complete gut
271
What level of complexity do nematodes have?
organ-system
272
True or false: nematodes have a circulatory system
false
273
What is the intermediate host of dog heartworm?
mosquito
274
How many germ layers do annelids have?
Triploblast
275
What kind of body cavity do annelids have?
coelomate
276
What kind of symmetry do annelids have?
bilateral
277
What kind of gut do annelids have?
complete
278
How do annelids reproduce?
asexually and sexually
279
What level of biological complexity do annelids have?
organ system
280
What are three subgroups of annelida?
polychaeta
oligochaeta
hirudinida
281
What does polychaeta include?
marine worms
282
What does oligochaeta include?
Freshwater worms, earthworms
283
What does Hirudinida include?
leeches
284
What is metamerism?
Being composed of serially repeating parts; serial segmentation
285
Which phyla exhibit metamerism?
Annelida, arthropoda and chordata
286
What is found in each metamere of earthworms?
nerves, blood vessels, excretory organs
287
Which species exhibits pseudometamerism?
tapeworms
288
What is pseudometamerism?
repeated segments are independent
289
Is hirudinida a monophyletic group?
yes
290
What is clitellata composed of?
Hirudinida + oligochaeta
291
What is the reproduction structure of members of clitellata?
clitellum
292
WHat are setae?
Needlelike chitinous structures of the integument of annelids, arthropods, and others
293
Are oligochaetes mono or dioecious?
monoecious
294
Where do worms mate?
on the surface at night
295
Name the reproduction steps of earthworms
1- press ventral surfaces together setae penetrate each body
2- sperm is discharged and travels along the seminal groove into seminal receptacle of other worm
3- worms seperate
4-Each worm secretes a mucus tube and a cocoon around the clitellum
5- fertilized eggs are in the cocoon
6- cocoon slides off the head end
7- embryo develops in the cocoon
296
how do polychaetas differ from other annelids?
well-differentiated head
specialized sense organs
parapodia (paddle-like appendages)
many chaetae on each parapodium
no clitellum
297
Do leeches have parapodia or setae?
no
298
What are the different dietary strategies of hirudinida (leeches)?
Carnivore
temporary parasites
permanent parasites
299
Is hirudinida mono or dioecious?
monoecious
300
What do molluscs include?
snails, clams, mussels, octopus
301
how many germ layer do molluscs have?
triploblast
302
what kind of body cavity do molluscs have?
coelomate
303
what kind of symmetry do molluscs have?
bilateral
304
what kind of gut do molluscs have?
complete gut
305
how do molluscs reproduce?
sexually
306
what level of organization do molluscs have
organ-system
307
what kind of circulatory system do molluss have?
open circulatory system
308
name 3 classes of mollusca?
gastropoda
bivalvia
cephalopoda
309
What two parts do molluscs bodies consist of?
Head-foot and visceral mass
310
What is the protective shell secreted by in molluscs?
the mantle
311
What is a radula?
rasping, protrusible, tonguelike organ found in most molluscs
312
What is a foot in molluscs?
ventral structure used for locomotion
313
What is a mantle in molluscs?
sheath of skin, extending dorsally from the visceral mass, that wraps around each side of the body
314
What is in the mantle cavity?
reparatory organs
315
what is a trochophore larvae?
a free-swimming ciliated marine larva characteristic of members of the Lophotrochozoa clade
316
What is a veliger larvae?
free-swimming larva of most marine snails, and bivalves,develops from a trochophore
317
How do gastropods avoid fouling?
they exhibit bilateral asymmetry, water flows one way so it gets to the gills before the rectum
318
Do bivalves have radula?
no
319
What is an ocelli?
a simple eye or eyespot (bivalves)
320
How do cephalopods catch their prey?
Tentacles and arms capture prey by
adhesive secretions or by suckers
321
How do cephalopods swim?
by expelling a jet of water from their mantle cavity through funnel
322
which cephalopod species has a shell?
nautilus
323
what is a chromatophore?
special pigment cell that changes color of skin
324
which is the only cephalopod that doesnt have an ink sac?
nautilus
