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T-6 Pilot > Aero > Flashcards

Aero Flashcards

1
Q

What is Force?

A

Push or Pull exerted on a body (mass x acceleration)

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2
Q

What is Mass

A

Quantity of Molecular Material

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3
Q

What is volume?

A

Amount of space occupied

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4
Q

What is density?

A

Mass/volume (mass per unit of volume)

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5
Q

What is moment?

A

Force applied a distance from a pivot point (fulcrum)

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6
Q

What is weight?

A

Force on a mass toward the Earth (G)

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7
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of Motion (KE = (1/2)MV^2

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8
Q

What happens to air density and temperature as altitude increases?

A

Both decrease

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9
Q

What atmospheric properties affect pressure?

A

Density and Temperature

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10
Q

What is total pressure

A

Static + dynamic pressure (Pt = Ps + Pd)

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11
Q

What is true altitude?

A

actual height above MSL

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12
Q

What is pressure altitude

A

Height above a standard datum plane (29.92 inHg)

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13
Q

What is density altitude

A

Pressure altitude corrected for temperature (Index for gauging engine performance, not used as actual height reference)

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14
Q

What is Indicated Airpseed (IAS)

A

Airspeed read from airspeed indicator

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15
Q

What is calibrated airspeed (CAS)

A

IAS corrected for instrument error

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16
Q

What is equivalent airspeed?

A

CAS corrected for compressibility (significant near the speed of sound)

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17
Q

What is True Airspeed (TAS)?

A

Velocity through the air mass

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18
Q

What is groundspeed

A

TAS corrected for winds

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19
Q

What is Mach Number?

A

TAS/Speed of Sound

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20
Q

What is critical mach number?

A

Speed where there is the first evidence of local supersonic flow

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21
Q

What happens to TAS and Mach Number in a constant IAS Climb?

A

Increases (TAS- approximately 3 knots/1000 feet

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22
Q

What are the three airplane axes?

A

Longitudinal, Lateral, Vertical

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23
Q

What are the motions about axes?

A

Roll, Pitch, Yaw

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24
Q

What is adverse Yaw?

A

Tendency for the aircraft to yaw opposite the direction of roll

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25
Q

Aileron corresponds to which axis?

A

Roll (Longitudinal)

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26
Q

Elevator corresponds to which axis?

A

Pitch (Lateral)

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27
Q

Rudder corresponds to which axis?

A

Yaw (Vertical)

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28
Q

What is Wingspan?

A

Length wingtip to wingtip

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29
Q

What is chordline

A

Infinite line through leading and trailing edges

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30
Q

What is chord

A

Width of wing, length from leading edgge to trailing edge

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31
Q

What is average chord

A

average of all chords

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32
Q

What is wing area

A

Wingspan x average chord

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33
Q

What is wing loading?

A

Weight/area

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34
Q

what is aspect ratio?

A

wingspan/average chord

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35
Q

What is angle of Incidnence?

A

Angle between chordline and longitudinal axis

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36
Q

What is dihedral angle?

A

Upward slope of wing from root to tip

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37
Q

What is relative wind?

A

Airflow experienced by aircraft or airfoil

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38
Q

what is Angle of Attack?

A

Angle between relative wind and chordline

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39
Q

What is the Mean Camber Line (MCL)?

A

Line halfway between airfoil upper and lower surfaces

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40
Q

What is camber?

A

Distance between the MCL and Chordline

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41
Q

What is Positive Camber?

A

When the MCL is above the chordline. Produces lift at 0 degrees AOA

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42
Q

What is the Aerodynamic Center?

A

Point on chordline where changes in aerodynamic forces take place (AKA the center of lift)

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43
Q

What is Spanwise Flow?

A

Flow parallel to the leading edge of the wing

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44
Q

What is chordwise flow?

A

Flow perpendicular to the airfoil

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45
Q

How are lift, weight, thrust, and drag related in level unaccelerated flight?

A

opposing aerodynamic forces are balanced (equal)

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46
Q

How are lift, weight, thrust, and drag related during the takeoff roll?

A

Weight is greater than lift, thrust is greater than drag

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47
Q

What is the center of gravity (CG)?

A

Point where weight is concentrated

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48
Q

What are the results of the CG being too far aft?

A

Tail Heavy

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49
Q

What are the results of the CG being too far forward?

A

Nose Heavy

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50
Q

Changing which factor in the lift equation will affect lift the most?

A

Velocity

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51
Q

How does a pilot change lift?

A

Primarily: AOA and Velocity
Secondarily: Adjusting Camber (changing shape of the wing)

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52
Q

What are the two parts of aerodynamic force due to airflow over the wing?

A

Lift and Induced Drag

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53
Q

What is total drag

A

Parasite drag + Induced Drag

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54
Q

What happens to parasite drag and induced drag as velocity increases?

A

Parasite drag increases
Induced drag decreases

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55
Q

What are the three types of parasite drag?

A
  1. Form
    2.Friction
  2. Interference
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56
Q

Which parasite drag is the difference between static pressures of the leading and trailing edges?

A

Form

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57
Q

Which parasite drag is turbulent flow in the boudnary layer?

A

Friction

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58
Q

Which parasite drag is due to mixing airflows between components?

A

Interference

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59
Q

Describe the effects on lift and drag caused by lowering the flaps to Takeoff (TO)?

A

Big increase in lift, little increase in drag

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60
Q

Describe the effects on lift and drag caused by lowering the flaps to Landing (LDG)?

A

Little increase in lift, big increase in drag

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61
Q

What drag increases as Gs increase?

A

Induced

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62
Q

What is L/Dmax?

A

Lowest point on the total drag curve

Parasite = induced
Best glide speed
Most efficient AOA

63
Q

What effect does lower the gear have on drag?

A

Parasite drag increases

64
Q

At what velocites is induced drag the greatest?

A

Slower Speeds

65
Q

If weight increases, how is equilbrium flight maintained?

A

AOA or velocity must increase

66
Q

What is thrust horsepower?

A

Thrust: propeller output

67
Q

What is shaft horsepower?

A

Engine Output

68
Q

What factors affect thrust available?

A

PCL position, Altitude, Airspeed

69
Q

Due to prop efficiencies, how does Pa change with velocity?

A

Pa decreases

70
Q

What is thrust required?

A

Thrust needed to overcome drag (TR)

71
Q

What is power required?

A

Power needed to produce Thrust Required

72
Q

What is Excess Thrust?

A

Difference between TA and TR - TA > TR

73
Q

What is Excess Power?

A

PA > PR, Excess results in climb or acceleration

74
Q

What is the relationship between velocity, TR, and PR

A

TR decreases to L/Dmax then increases, PR decreases to an airpspeed below L/Dmax then increases

75
Q

What is the result of PA being greater than PR?

A

Accelerate or climb

76
Q

What effect does a change in configuration have on TA and TR?

A

TA is unaffected, Gear down requires increased TR

77
Q

What effect does a change in configuration have on PA and PR?

A

PA is unaffected
Gear down requires increased TR

78
Q

What factors increase takeoff or landing roll?

A

Increased weight
Higher altitude
increased temp
decreased headwind
increased tailwind

79
Q

Changing which factor has the greatest effect? (on performance)

A

weight

80
Q

Define: Max Rate of climb

A

(Vy) - airspeed to get the most alt in the least amount of time

81
Q

Define: max angle of climb

A

(Vx) - airspeed to get the most alt in the least distance

82
Q

Define: best glide speed

A

(125 Kias) - max power off range

83
Q

Define: max range

A

max distance for a set amount of fuel

84
Q

Define: max endurance

A

max time airborne for a set amount of fuel

85
Q

What is long range cruise? (LRC)

A

airspeed above max range that gives you 99% of max range

86
Q

what factors decrease both max range and max endurance?

A

increased weight
lower alt
“dirty” config
higher temps

87
Q

what factors decrease glide range?

A

“dirty” config
lower alt
increased headwind
decreased tailwind
unfeathered prop

88
Q

what factor changes groundspeed, but has no effect on TAS

A

headwind or tailwind

89
Q

where does max range for a propeller aircraft occur

A

L/Dmax
(on Pr curve)

90
Q

Where is the region of reverse command?

A

Left of max endurance on the power required curve, left of L/Dmax on thrust curve

91
Q

What is the region of reverse command?

A

Part of the PR curve where decreased airspeed requires increased power
(for straight/level flight)

92
Q

What is critical Mach?

A

first evidence of local supersonic flow occurs

93
Q

What is Slipstream Swirl?

A

left yaw, resulting from propeller airflow past the rudder

94
Q

What is the correction for Slipstream Swirl?

A

right rudder

95
Q

What causes P-factor?

A

Ascending and descending blades producing different amounts of thrust based on different
AOAs of the blades

96
Q

What is the correction for P-factor?

A

Opposite rudder

97
Q

What is propeller torque?

A

Roll the opposite direction of the propeller, correct with right rudder

98
Q

contrast a slip and a skid

A

Slip: opposite or insufficient rudder in direction of turn
(needle ball same side)

Skid: too much rudder in direction of turn
(needle ball opposite sides)

99
Q

Why must back pressure be added in a turn?

A

Increase total lift because the vertical component of lift must equal weight

100
Q

Why must power be increased during a turn?

A

Increased AOA means increased induced drag - requiring more power

101
Q

What is turn rate?

A

Degrees of heading change
(degrees/second)

102
Q

What two things determine turn rate and radius?

A

bank angle
velocity

103
Q

Define: limit load factor

A

Max load no damage

104
Q

Define: ultimate load factor

A

Max load without failure

105
Q

Define: maneuvering speed

A

Max speed where abrupt control inputs will not cause damage

106
Q

Define: asymmetric Gs

A

Pulling Gs with aileron or rudder deflections

107
Q

What are the T-6 asymmetric load limits?

A

-1.0 to 4.7 Gs

108
Q

What are the T-6 symmetric load limits?

A

-3.5 to 7.0 Gs

109
Q

How will an increase in bank angle for a level turn change the required G’s?

A

It will increase the required Gs
(60 deg of bank = 2Gs)

110
Q

What is dynamic stability?

A

Measure of displacement over time after disturbance

111
Q

Describe a PIO

A

Pilot Induced Oscillations: Longitudinal stability of aircraft and pilot working to
counteract movement around the lateral axis

112
Q

Why do we have a vertical stabilizer?

A

To increase yaw or directional stability

113
Q

Contrast stability and maneuverability

A

stable - less maneuverable
more manueverable - less stable

114
Q

As CG moves aft what happens to stability?

A

Less stable/unstable

115
Q

Describe Boundary Layer Separation

A

Airflow no longer adheres to airfoil

116
Q

Why does Boundary Layer Separation occur

A

Decreasing ratio of kinetic energy to the adverse pressure gradient

117
Q

What is a stall

A

An increase in AOA produces a decrease in CL (Lift)

118
Q

Contrast airspeed and roll tendency between a power-on stall and power-off stall

A

Power ON: lower stall speed, roll to the left
Power
OFF: higher stall speed, roll right

119
Q

What factors change stall airspeed

A

Weight, Gs, Bank angle, altitude

120
Q

How is the stall speed changed by a steeper bank angle

A

Increases

121
Q

When does the stall occur?

A

CL max, exceeding critical angle of attack

122
Q

When does the stall recover

A

When AOA is below stall AOA

123
Q

In what order are the flight controls lost in a stall

A

Aileron, Elevator, Rudder

124
Q

In a stall recovery which is the most effective

A

Rudder

125
Q

In a stall recovery which is the least effective

A

Aileron

126
Q

Where does the stall occur on the CL curve

A

At the top of the curve - CLmax

127
Q

What is the T6 stall AOA

A

18 units

128
Q

When the stick is full aft, what happens to the rotation rate of a spinning T6

A

Slows down

129
Q

What is the primary difference between an inverted vs. erect spin

A

Inverted: Negative G stall - attitude does not matter

130
Q

Which flight control provides the greatest anti spin force

A

Opposite rudder

131
Q

What factors effect wingtip vortex strength

A

Weight
Speed
Configuration

132
Q

What generates wake turbulence

A

Any aircraft producing lift

133
Q

Which direction do wingtip vortices rotated (as viewed from behind)

A

Left: Clockwise
Right: Counterclockwise
Both flow inwards

134
Q

Describe the descent characteristics of wingtip vortices

A

Descend 400 to 500 fpm
Level off 800 to 900 feet below

135
Q

Which aircraft produce the strongest vortices

A

Heavy
Clean
Slow

136
Q

When do the vortices stop

A

Upon nose-wheel touchdown

137
Q

What is min spacing taking off behind a large or heavy aircraft

A

2 mins

138
Q

What is min spacing when landing behind a large or heavy aircraft

A

Large - 2
Heavy - 3

139
Q

What is your flight path and touchdown point behind a landing heavy aircraft

A

Above flight path and touchdown beyond where the nose wheel touched

140
Q

What is wind shear

A

Sudden change in windspeed or direction

141
Q

Describe a decreasing performance wind shear

A

Lift and climb decrease
Airspeed, pitch and VSI decrease

142
Q

Describe an increasing performance wind shear

A

Lift and climb increase
Airspeed, pitch and VSI increase

143
Q

What is max airspeed adjustment

A

10 knots

144
Q

With a reported 15 knot loss, what adjustments will you make

A

Flaps TO
Add 10 knots to airspeed
Watch for tendency to land long

145
Q

What provides stall warning in the T6

A

Stick shaker
AOA Gauge
Aerodynamic forces on empennage

146
Q

What is function of the leading edge slats

A

Control boundary layer separation (increases surface area)

147
Q

What two factors are necessary for a spin

A

Stall and Yaw

148
Q

Contrast lift and drag between a stalled aircraft and a spinning aircraft

A

Stall: balanced lift and drag on each wing
Spin: yaw causes asymmetric lift and drag

149
Q

Describe asymmetric wing stall

A

Unequal lift and drag that generate forces to sustain the aircraft in a spin

150
Q

Describe an erect accelerated spin

A

Control stick other than full aft

151
Q

Describe a progressive spin

A

Holding the stick aft while applying opposite rudder

152
Q

Why is a left spin different from a right spin

A

Gyroscopic effect of the propeller

153
Q

What is the difference of right and left spin?

A

Right: Lower pitch, Faster rotation, Slower to stabilize

154
Q

When the stick is full aft, what happens to the pitch of a spinning T6

A

Spin flattens

T-6 Pilot (29 decks)

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