Africa 1857-1967 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
How much public money did Livingstone receive in 1858 to return to Africa?
A
£5000 via public subscription
2
Q
How many letters did Livingstone send back during his expedition?
A
2000
3
Q
Who was the first European to reach Lake Tanganyika?
A
John Hanning Speke (Feb 1858)
4
Q
What did Speke discover and name in July 1858?
A
Lake Victoria
5
Q
What was Livingstone’s 1858 mission in Africa?
A
To open a path for commerce and Christianity
6
Q
What committee was founded in 1858 for women in heathen countries?
A
Ladies Committee for the Amelioration of the Condition of Women
7
Q
When did the Easter Offering fundraising initiative start?
A
1883
8
Q
What impact did the American Civil War (1861–65) have on British cotton supply?
A
Yarn production fell to 36% and 4.5 billion lbs cotton were lost
9
Q
Where did Britain turn to for cotton after the US Civil War?
A
Egypt
10
Q
What was discovered in 1867 near Kimberley?
A
Diamonds
11
Q
What role did John Kirk play in Zanzibar from 1868–86?
A
Vice-Consul; aided in outlawing slavery and clove/ivory trade
12
Q
What did Britain announce in 1868?
A
Protectorate over Basutoland
13
Q
When did the Suez Canal open?
A
1869
14
Q
What was the significance of Opobo by 1870?
A
exporting approximately 8,000 tons of palm oil annually directly to Liverpool, bypassing European middlemen. Exported 8
15
Q
Who helped expand Christian education in Ghana and Nigeria by 1870?
A
J.M. Yates and Henry Trotter (WMMS)
16
Q
When did Britain annex West Griqualand?
A
1871
17
Q
Where did 2000 Griquas flee and later get annexed?
A
East Griqualand (annexed 1874)
18
Q
What settlement did Britain establish in 1873?
A
Griqualand West
19
Q
By 1874
A
what percent of Egypt’s imports came from Britain?
20
Q
Which missionaries prepared Fiji for British rule?
A
Methodist Missionaries (1874)
21
Q
What major engine development occurred in 1875?
A
Triple expansion steam engine
22
Q
How much did Britain pay for 44% of the Suez Canal?
A
£4 million
23
Q
What was concluded at the 1876 Brussels Conference?
A
Europeans must civilise Africa and promote resource use
24
Q
Who found Livingstone in 1871?
A
Henry Stanley
25
Who founded the Central African Trading Company in 1876?
George Goldie
26
What African culture was displayed at Alexandra Palace in 1877?
Nubian village
27
When was British military force in Transvaal?
1877
28
Who was Governor-General of Sudan 1877–80?
Charles Gordon
29
What conflict occurred in 1877–78?
Xhosa War
30
What did Britain do after Boers lost to Pedi?
Annexed Transvaal (claimed to protect Boers)
31
What did Goldie do in 1879?
United 30 British trading posts into United African Company
32
Who provoked the Zulu War and how?
Sir Bartle Frere
33
What did Stanley do for Leopold in 1879?
Signed 450 treaties to claim Congo
34
What territory became a British protectorate in 1879?
Zululand
35
What reforms did Lord Dufferin introduce in Egypt?
Cut army by 2/3 and taxed goods
36
What happened at Majuba Hill in 1881?
150 British killed by Boers
37
How many mission stations did the CMS have in Nigeria by 1880?
28
38
What school did CMS open in 1880?
Girls’ school in Cairo
39
What political event followed Isandlwana defeat?
Conservative government lost in April 1880
40
Why was Gladstone pressured to intervene in Egypt (1881)?
Due to Suez Canal and media
41
Who declared himself Mahdi in Sudan in 1881?
Muhammad Ahmad
42
How did Britain control Egypt from 1882–1907?
Via Evelyn Baring’s puppet government
43
What event caused British intervention in Egypt 1882?
Alexandria riots (50 Europeans killed)
44
Which press outlets reported Arabi Pasha’s revolt?
Pall Mall Gazette and Daily Telegraph
45
What did Britain declare Egypt as in 1882?
A client state
46
What school did CMS open in Ibadan in 1883?
Girls' school
47
What pressure did Mackenzie put on the gov in 1883?
Push for Bechuanaland protectorate
48
By 1883
how many treaties had Goldie secured?
49
What did Richard Burton publish in 1883?
English translation of the Kama Sutra
50
What happened to General Hicks in Sudan?
Killed by Mahdists at Khartoum
51
By 1884
what percent of Africa was still under local rule?
52
What international meeting took place in 1884?
Berlin Conference
53
What did the Berlin Conference establish?
Free trade
54
What group was set up in 1884 to promote Empire?
Imperial Federation League
55
What territory did Germany take in 1884?
Guinea (renamed Kaiser Wilhelmland)
56
What was Britain's response to German Guinea?
Australia financed British New Guinea
57
What did Gladstone say about Sudanese in 1884?
"Rightly struggling to be free"
58
Who ruled South Nigeria in 1884?
Chartered company
59
What was announced over Somaliland in 1884?
British protectorate
60
How did Britain assert rights over Niger?
Thanks to Goldie’s treaties at Berlin Conf.
61
What did Gladstone allow in Bechuanaland?
Local Tswana rulers to remain
62
What did the Convention of London (1885) secure?
£9 million loan for Egypt
63
What happened to General Gordon in 1885?
Killed in Khartoum with garrison
64
What did King Jaja do in 1885?
Blocked British trade on Opobo River
65
Why did Britain send 4000 troops to Bechuanaland?
Fear of German influence
66
Who ruled Northern Nigeria in 1885?
Chartered company
67
What event in 1886 led to civil war in Buganda?
King Mwanga executed 30 Christians
68
Where was gold discovered in 1886?
Witwatersrand
69
How many British workers went to work in the gold fields?
Over 30
70
What power did RNC receive in 1886?
Royal charter
71
How was King Jaja exiled?
Tricked onto British ship
72
What mission was set up by CMS in 1887?
Nairobi
73
What happened in Gambia in 1888?
British settlement established
74
Where was chartered company rule established in 1888?
British East Africa and Uganda
75
What company received royal charter in 1888?
Imperial British East Africa Company
76
What did Richard Burton publish in 1888?
16-volume Arabian Nights
77
Who got royal charter in 1889?
British South Africa Company
78
By 1890
how many volumes did Burton publish?
79
How many African clergy were trained by CMS by 1890?
2000
80
What was formed in 1890 to regulate diamond mining?
Kimberly Diamond Syndicate
81
What exhibition happened in 1890?
Africa Exhibition with Somali village
82
How many CMS stations were in Zanzibar by 1890?
15
83
What cause did Mary Slessor dedicate her life to?
Ending twin killings in Nigerian tribes
84
Where did Rhodes set up a fort in 1890?
Mashonaland
85
Q: What percentage of Egyptian money was spent paying the Caisse de la Dette by 1890?
A: Half of Egyptian money.
86
Q: What restriction did the Caisse de la Dette members have on British spending?
A: They could prevent Britain from spending money on matters they disapproved of.
87
Q: What were the Capitulations in Egypt by 1890?
A: Regulations requiring all new laws affecting Europeans to be approved by all foreign governments represented in Egypt.
88
Q: What was the result of the Anglo-German treaty in 1890?
A: Germany got Tanganyika; Britain got Kenya and Uganda.
89
Q: What treaty did King Mwanga sign in 1890?
A: He ceded powers over revenue, trade, and justice to the British East Africa Company.
90
Q: What did the Anglo-French agreement of 1890 allow?
A: Britain to claim Nigeria and France to claim Madagascar.
91
Q: When was the protectorate over Zanzibar announced?
A: 1890.
92
Q: How did the German occupation of East Africa affect Cecil Rhodes's ambitions?
A: It prevented his aspiration to have a Cape to Cairo route.
93
Q: What challenge did the British face in Nyasaland from 1891-97?
A: Portuguese-backed Arab attacks by guerrilla warfare.
94
Q: Who founded the Free Church of Scotland East African Mission in 1891?
A: Sir William Mackinnon.
95
Q: When did the National Party al-Hizb become a secret society?
A: 1893.
96
Q: What military agreement was made in 1894?
A: French-Russian military agreement.
97
Q: What happened after Sheikh Rashid took up arms against the British in 1894?
A: He was defeated after 9 months and his territory was made a protectorate.
98
Q: What replaced the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1895?
A: A formal protectorate.
99
Q: When was Matabeleland incorporated into Rhodesia?
A: 1895.
100
Q: What event did King Koko of the Nembe lead in 1895?
A: Raid on the Royal Niger Company's depot in Akassa, capturing 32 hostages.
101
Q: What was the outcome of the failed Uitlander raid in 1895?
A: Failure; 12 out of 500 men imprisoned, and Rhodes forced to resign as Cape Premier.
102
Q: When was the protectorate established over Sierra Leone?
A: 1896.
103
Q: What war broke out in 1896 after King Prempeh refused British protectorate?
A: The 4th Anglo-Ashanti War.
104
Q: What is notable about the Anglo-Zanzibar War of 1896?
A: It was the shortest war in history, lasting just 38 minutes.
105
Q: What was the "Lunatic Line"?
A: The Uganda Railway built by the British, costing £5 million and taking 5 years.
106
Q: What incidents happened during the Uganda Railway construction?
A: Kedong Massacre (500 killed) and Tsavo lion attacks (35-100 workers eaten).
107
Q: What wars did the British fight against the Ndebele around 1896-97?
A: British killed half of the native population.
108
Q: What defeat of the Italians in 1896 influenced British actions in Sudan?
A: The Battle of Adowa.
109
Q: How much of British exports did Tropical Africa take in 1897?
A: Only 1.2%.
110
Q: How did Britain reinforce Somaliland in 1898?
A: With British Indian Army units including 2nd Black Watch and artillery.
111
Q: How many British were denied political rights in Transvaal by 1898?
A: 50,000.
112
Q: What policy did Colonel Cardew introduce in 1898?
A: New hut tax and scorched earth policy against resistance.
113
Q: What happened to King Koko by 1898?
A: He was deposed and died under mysterious circumstances in exile.
114
Q: How much did the Sudanese population decline under the Mahdist regime by 1898?
A: By 50%.
115
Q: What happened to King Mwanga after his 1898 attempt to regain territory?
A: He was exiled to the Seychelles for life.
116
Q: What was the outcome of the Battle of Omdurman in 1898?
A: British killed 12,000 Sudanese despite being outnumbered 2:1.
117
Q: What legislation was passed between 1899-1900?
A: Colonial Loans and Stocks Act.
118
Q: How many copies of the Daily Mail were sold daily during 1899-1902?
A: Over 1 million.
119
Q: What was the cost and troop commitment for the Second Boer War (1899-1902)?
A: £250 million and 400,000 troops.
120
Q: What was the Fashoda incident of 1899?
A: British and French nearly went to war over Sudan claims, but France backed down.
121
Q: What was the status of Egypt from 1899?
A: A condominium jointly ruled by Britain and Egypt.
122
Q: Who launched raids on British Somaliland from 1900?
A: The Mad Mullah with 20,000 troops.
123
Q: By 1900, who was Egypt's largest employer?
A: Thomas Cook and Son.
124
Q: What percentage of Africa was under foreign rule by 1900?
A: 90%.
125
Q: Who was Gertrude Page and what did she do in 1900?
A: Emigrated to Rhodesia and wrote over 20 novels.
126
Q: What was the Buganda Agreement of 1900?
A: British control over 10,550 square miles, Kabaka retained 350 sq miles and stipend set.
127
Q: What was the significance of the Khaki election in 1900?
A: Election held during the Boer War.
128
Q: What happened during the final Ashanti uprising in 1900?
A: Ashanti leaders including Yaa Asantewaa were exiled to Seychelles.
129
Q: What change happened to Northern Nigeria in 1900?
A: Royal Niger Company rule converted to British colony.
130
Q: Who reported on the terrible conditions of Boer War concentration camps in 1901?
A: Emily Hobhouse.
131
Q: When was South Rhodesia established?
A: 1901 under BSAC administration.
132
Q: How many Boers lived in concentration camps by 1902?
A: 115,000.
133
Q: What was the Peace of Vereeniging?
A: 1902 treaty where Boers recognized themselves as British subjects.
134
Q: What happened to Transvaal in 1902?
A: Incorporated into British Union of South Africa.
135
Q: What was Milner's Kindergarten?
A: Group working to resettle Boers and promote economic growth in South Africa.
136
Q: What did John Hobson argue in his 1902 book "Imperialism"?
A: The Boer War was fought to secure gold reserves for the ultra-rich.
137
Q: What was the Awan Dam and when was it opened?
A: Opened 1902; irrigation dam enabling ½ million acres of desert to be irrigated.
138
Q: What was the Entente Cordiale of 1904?
A: Agreement where France respected British rights in Egypt in exchange for British recognition of French Morocco.
139
Q: Which local tribe did Britain favor over the Kikuyu in 1904?
A: The Masai, given Central Rift Valley.
140
Q: Why did Milner bring in Chinese coolies in 1904?
A: To work in old mines in South Africa.
141
Q: What was Lord Lugard's achievement by 1905 regarding Fulani emirs?
A: Made treaties with over 45 emirs, giving them tax and order responsibilities.
142
Q: How much debt was Egypt in by 1905?
A: £70 million.
143
Q: How many British were in Egyptian government by 1905?
A: 1000, up from 100 in 1895.
144
Q: What was given to the Boers in 1905?
A: Responsible self-government.
145
Q: When was South Nigeria converted to a British colony?
A: 1906.
146
Q: When did Port Sudan open?
A: 1906.
147
Q: What scandal contributed to election loss in 1906?
A: Outrage over flogging and illegal punishment of Chinese coolies in South Africa.
148
Q: What was the Denshawai incident?
A: 1906 incident where 52 villagers arrested, 4 killed, many flogged and imprisoned.
149
Q: What powers did Baring's Granville Doctrine give him in Egypt?
A: To dismiss Egyptian ministers who defied British directives.
150
Q: What were Baring’s goals in Egypt?
A: Stop slave trade, abolish forced labor, establish Camel Corps, regulate hashish and alcohol sales.
151
Q: How much was Baring awarded for his services in Egypt?
A: £50,000 in 1907.
152
Q: What economic improvements happened in Egypt by 1907?
A: Cotton and sugar exports trebled; population grew from 7 to 10 million.
153
Q: How many British troops were in the Egyptian army by 1907?
A: 6,000 under Kitchener.
154
Q: How many punitive expeditions had Britain conducted in Sudan by 1908?
A: Over 33.
155
Q: How many Mahdist uprisings occurred since 1900?
A: Three, with the last ended by public hanging.
156
Q: What was established in Egypt in 1909 for education?
A: New university for modern subjects and professional training.
157
Q: What was Gorst’s policy in Egypt in 1909?
A: Increased press censorship but gave Egyptians more government representation.
158
Q: When was Nyasaland converted from BSAC rule to a formal protectorate?
A: 1907.
159
Q: What rubber developments had Germany, Russia, and France made by 1910?
A: Synthesized their own rubber.
160
Q: What did Britain do to Masai land in 1910?
A: Took land promised to Masai, expanding direct control.
161
Q: What was created in South Africa in 1910?
A: The Union of South Africa.
162
Q: What was the Round Table Movement?
A: A political movement in South Africa founded in 1910.
163
Q: When was North Rhodesia established?
A: 1911 under British South Africa Company administration.
164
Q: What was the Gezira Scheme of 1911?
A: Irrigation and agricultural development project in Sudan.
165
Q: What was promised by South Africa at the 1911 Imperial Conference?
A: To commit 40,000 men to attack German South-West Africa.
166
Q: What legislative change did Kitchener make in Egypt in 1913?
A: Created Legislative Assembly with elected and appointed members.
167
Q: What victory did the Mad Mullah achieve in 1913?
A: Defeated British at Dul Madooba.
168
Q: How many British were administering the empire by 1914?
A: Fewer than 6,000 total, 3,000 in India.
169
Q: What was the cost per head of administering the British Empire in 1914?
A: About 20p per British person, 7p per Indian person.
170
Q: When was the protectorate over Egypt officially announced?
A: 1914.
171
Q: How many Egyptians were recruited to fight for the Empire in 1914 and how many fought in Europe?
A: 1.2 million recruited; 100
172
Q: How many "human porters" did the British East Africa supply in 1914 and what was their death rate?
A: 1 million porters fought in Tanganyika; 10% died.
173
Q: How many South African troops fought for Britain between 1914-19?
136,000 troops.
174
Q: How much territory and population did Britain gain in 1919?
A: 1.8 million square miles and 13 million new subjects.
175
Q: What significant political organization was founded in West Africa in 1919?
A: National Congress of West Africa.
176
Q: What happened in Egypt in 1919 after Zaghlul was exiled?
A: Countrywide revolt; 800 Egyptians and 1600 Europeans killed.
177
Q: What was the size and influence of the white settler community in Kenya’s white highlands by 1920?
20000–30000
178
Q: How many British and Indian troops were deployed by Britain in 1920?
A: More than 100000 troops.
179
Q: How much money did Britain allocate for the Gezira Cotton scheme in Sudan in 1920?
A: £3 million.
180
Q: Who helped found the Young Kikuyu and the East African Association in 1921?
A: Harry Thuku.
181
Q: When was Egypt granted full independence?
A: 1922.
182
Q: What was Britain’s role in Iraq’s government after 1922?
A: Allowed some self-government but controlled military and foreign affairs.
183
Q: What was the pay of the Governor of Nigeria compared to a cadet in Kenya in 1922? =
A: Governor of Nigeria: £8250 per annum; cadet in Kenya: £200.
184
Q: What did the 1923 Devonshire White Paper stress?
A: Interests of Africans had to be respected.
185
Q: What political group was formed in 1925 with figures like Nkrumah and Azikiwe?
A: West African Students' Union (WASU).
186
Q: What did the 1929 Colonial Welfare and Development Act do?
A: Earmarked £1 million for development in Africa.
187
Q: What did the 1929-31 inquiries into Jewish action in Palestine recommend?
A: Curbing land acquisition.
188
Q: What were the terms of the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty?
A: Britain retained 2 airbases and control over Iraqi oil; independence in 1932.
189
Q: Who governed Nigeria from 1931-35 and what did he promote?
A: Donald Cameron; promoted palm oil and groundnuts.
190
Q: What happened to Iraq in 1932?
A: Britain lost control; Iraq gained independence.
191
Q: How much money did Britain allocate in 1935 for rail and dock improvements in East Africa?
A: £10 million.
192
Q: Who extended Makerere College in Uganda in 1935?
A: Phillip Mitchell.
193
Q: What did the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty stipulate?
A: British troops withdrew but retained control of the Suez Canal.
194
Q: What did the 1937 Peel Report recommend for Palestine?
A: Partition of the territory.
195
Q: How many Arab terrorists were hanged by Britain in Palestine between 1937-39?
A: 100 terrorists.
196
Q: What survey did William Hailey produce in 1938?
A: African survey for the Royal Institute of International Affairs after traveling 20,000 miles
197
Q: How many troops did Britain send to Palestine in 1936 to deal with tensions?
20,000 troops.
198
Q: What was the Jewish migration limit set in 1939?
A: 15000 per year for 5 years.
199
Q: What happened at the Battle of El Alamein in 1942?
A: British defeated Germans securing Egypt and the Middle East.
200
Q: Who became head of the Colonial Office in 1947 and worked toward African decolonization?
A: Andrew Cohen.
