India 1857-1947 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
How much did India contribute to WW1 war effort?
A
£146 million: 1914-18: India Contributes £146 million to war effort
2
Q
When did Gandhi become president of the INC?
A
1915: Gandhi becomes president of the INC
3
Q
What was ‘Ghadar’ and its subheading?
A
1915: “Ghadar” produced; a weekly Newspaper with subheading (An Enemy of Bri Rule)
4
Q
What was the Ghadar Mutiny?
A
1915: Ghadar Mutiny led by Ghadarites return to India to incite revolution
5
Q
What was the Singapore Mutiny?
A
1915: Singapore Mutiny; 7 day mutiny of Indian Sepoys in Singapore
6
Q
How much did Britain increase tax on Indian exports between 1971 and 1931?
A
1971-31: Bri increases tax on Indian exports from 11-25%
7
Q
What did the Sandler Commission say about the 1904 University Act?
A
1917: Sandler Commission calls the 1904 Uni Act as making “the most completely governmental universities in the world.”
8
Q
How much did the Indian Government contribute to Britain’s war effort in 1917?
A
1917 Indian Gov Contributes £100 million to Bri war effort
9
Q
What was the Montagu Declaration?
A
Aug 1917: Montagu Declaration: “responsible self-gov” for India in the future (Delayed Pragmatism)
10
Q
What disputes did Gandhi resolve in 1917-18?
A
1917-18: Gandhi resolves textile dispute at Ahmedabad and one over land taxes in Gujerat
11
Q
What punishment was given for possessing a seditious newspaper in 1918?
A
1918: 2 yr prison time given to possess a copy of a seditious newspaper even though 22 Indian members of the ILC oppose it
12
Q
What did the Rowlatt Act allow in 1919?
A
1919: Rowlatt act; could invoke defence of India Act if they thought anarchy growing (e.g. give detention without trial
13
Q
Why did Jinnah resign in 1919?
A
1919: Jinnah resigns and Gandhi calls it a betrayal of Indian support and calls a Hartaal in April
14
Q
What happened on April 10th 1919?
A
Demonstration at Amritsar
15
Q
What happened on April 11th 1919 in Amritsar?
A
Amritsar Massacre: 1.2k wounded, 379 killed (10 mins)
16
Q
What reforms did the Government of India Act 1919 introduce?
A
1919 Gov India Act: Self-gov in the future: Review in 10yrs over Dominion status; Executive Council enlarged to 6 members; Lower Legislative Assembly now has 106 elected and 40 nominated members; Upper Legislative Assembly has 61 members; 5/250 million could vote for provincial councils: 1 million for the Legislative assembly
17
Q
What was Gandhi’s first non-cooperation movement?
A
1919: Gandhi leads first non-cooperation movement
18
Q
What happened at Nagpur in 1920?
A
1920: Nagpur; boycotting of law courts by lawyers and schools by British over outrage of support for general Dyer
19
Q
What happened during the Prince of Wales’ visit in 1921?
A
1921: Prince of Wales visits; 30,000 people arrested
20
Q
What was the Moplah rebellion?
A
1921: Moplahs kill 600 Hindus and 2500 forcibly converted to Islam: Bri kill 2000 and leave 66 to suffocate in a train wagon: halted Nationalist unity
21
Q
What happened at Chauri Chaura?
A
1922: 5th Feb: Chauri Chaura: 23 Policemen killed
22
Q
Front
A
Back
23
Q
What did Gandhi do after Chauri Chaura?
A
1922: 6th Feb: Gandhi declares movement over
24
Q
Why was Gandhi sentenced to prison in 1922?
A
1922: Gandhi sentenced to prison for 6yrs for sedition
25
What was India's share in British exports and imports between 1925-38?
1925-38: India and Burma make up 11.6% to then 8% of British exports while imports increases by 7%
26
What did the Muddiman Committee say in 1924?
1924: Muddiman Committee argue Dyarchy illogical and complex
27
What was the Simon Commission and when was it established?
1927: Simon Commission that was promised by Gov India Act 1919 bought forward 2 years to prevent labour doing it: not a single Indian on the commission
28
How did the INC respond to the Simon Commission?
1928: INC boycott all Simon Commission meetings
29
What did the Nehru Report propose in 1928?
1928: Nehru report published principles for a Constitution of India
30
What did Nehru declare in December 1929?
1929: Dec: Nehru declared Purna swaraj as goal of Congress
31
What did Jinnah publish in 1929?
1929: Jinnah creates his 14 points
32
Why did Labour declare Dominion status in 1929?
1929: Labour gov comes to power and declare Dom status in fear of Communist Party growth
33
How many girls were part of Amy Carmichael's fellowship by 1930?
By 1930: Over 1000
34
When was Indian Independence Day elected?
1930: 26th Jan: Elected as independence day
35
What preceded the Salt March in 1930?
1930: 11th March: 75,000 gathered to pray pre march
36
How long and with how many did Gandhi march during Salt March?
1930: Gandhi walked 400km with 78 satyagrahas promising to break the law for 25 days
37
What happened at Dharmsa during Salt March?
1930: 2000 demonstrators attacked by police in Dharmsa; 2 killed and 320 injured
38
Why was Gandhi arrested on 4th May 1930?
1930: 4th May: Gandhi and 20 accomplices were arrested by the British District Magistrate of Surat under Regulation XXXV of 1827
39
What were the terms of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact: Civil disobedience halted in return for: Congress Join RTC; Political prisoners released; Banned organisations would be unbanned
40
What happened to Congress in 1932?
1932: Congress outlawed and 100,000 arrested
41
What did the 1933 White Paper promise?
1933: White paper promising: 1) Eventual federation at Nat level; 2) provincial autonomy; 3) special responsibilities and safeguards vested in the executive power
42
How much did it cost to run the empire between 1933-4?
1933-4: Costs 1 billion to run empire
43
What was significant about the 1935 Government of India Act?
1935: Gov India Act: 450 clauses and 15 schedules: most complicated piece of legislature up to that point
44
Front
Back
45
Who was the Viceroy of India between 1935–45?
1935-45: Lord Linlithgow is VR of India
46
What did the Congress Socialist Party do in 1936?
1936: Congress Socialist Party taking over the entire Kerala Congress
47
When did the Government of India Act come into effect and what did it change?
1937: GoV India Act comes into effect: Expand electorate to 35 million people (still less than 10% of population); Abolish dyarchy; Create full provincial governments each with legislative and executive; Retain Viceregal authority to defence and foreign affairs; Reserve powers for central government after a state of emergency
48
What were the 1937 election results for Congress and the Muslim League?
1937: Congress win vote, 482 seats reserved for Muslims but Muslim league only has 109: Congress had 26/1.5k reps as Muslim even though 22% population was Muslim
49
What happened in 1939 regarding India's involvement in WWII?
1939: England declares India will fight for them; 8/11 Congress ministers resigned
50
How many Indians fought for Britain in WWII?
1939-45: 2 millions Indian fight for Bri in WW2
51
What was the Lahore Resolution?
1940: 60,000 Muslims met to talk of setting up Muslim state; first lang of Pakistan used
52
How many Indians were imprisoned in 1940?
1940: 20
53
What did the Atlantic Charter support in 1941?
1941: Atlantic Charter between UK and USA; support principle of 'self-gov'
54
What happened with the Cripps Mission in 1942?
1942: Cripps mission (offer of eventual dom status with new constitution in return for Indian cooperation in war) failed and rejected by Congress as well as hated by Bri: Ghandi called it “post-dated cheque on a failing bank."
55
What was the 'Do or Die' Campaign?
1942: Do or Die Campaign; Bri used 57 infantry battalions to suppress it; Delhi hartal led to the killing of 14 people by police; hundreds killed and 500 arrested w/out trial; lose moral authority and American opinion
56
What were the effects of the Bengal famine?
1942-3: Bengal famine; deathrate risen by 50%; 1-3 million deaths; Wavell introduces rationing and food distribution
57
What happened with Indians captured by the Japanese in 1943?
1943: 30,000 Indians captured by Japanese in Singapore join INA under Bose
58
How much had India paid to the war effort by October 1943?
1943: October India already paid £800 million to war effort
59
What did Wavell do in 1944 regarding soldier wages and war debt?
1944: VR Wavell increases wages of soldiers; raises war debt by £50mill per year
60
How many soldiers were in India in 1945?
1945: 500,000 soldiers (1 for every 8,000 civilians) in India
61
What was the 1945 Royal Indian Navy mutiny?
1945: 20,000 sailors from Royal Indian Navy take over 80 ships and general strike by Bombay Communist Party
62
What were the 1945 Indian election results?
1945: Elections in 11 Bri Provinces; Congress win 90% seats, Muslim League 75% of all Muslim votes; 90% of all seats reserved for Muslims and 40 Muslim seats in Central assembely
63
How much did it cost to run the empire between 1945–47?
1945-7: Costs £1.4 billion to run empire
64
What happened during the August 1946 Muslim hartal?
1946: Aug: Universal Muslim hartal: 100,000 Muslims rioting, 6,000 killed, 20,000 injured and 100,000 made homeless
65
What was the Simla Conference?
1946: Simla Conference; 2 options for India: a union Gov for defence and communication with self-selected regional groupings or 'states Hindu and Pakistan'
66
What was Plan Balkan?
1947: May 3rd: Plan Balkan; 11 provinces which can decide to be autonomous or join groups
67
What plan replaced Plan Balkan?
1947: 10th/11th May: Plan Balkan rejected and Plan Menon drawn up by Nehru; 2 separate States
68
How many were killed in the violence leading to partition?
1947: 400
69
When did India join the Commonwealth?
1947: India Join Commonwealth
70
How many books had Amy Carmichael written by 1951?
By 1951: Amy Carmichael had written 35 books on her experience in India
71
How much did tea plantations grow from 1851 to 1871?
From 1 to 295
72
How many Indians entered university and law between 1857 and 1887?
60,000 in university, 2,000 in law
73
What were the changes in imports from India between 1854 and 1876?
Cotton: £1.6m to £5.9m, Jute: £510k to £2.8m, Tea: £24k to £2.4m, Wheat: £0 to £1.6m
74
How many princely states existed by 1857?
565 nominally independent princely states
75
How many British troops were in India by 1857?
40,000 British troops
76
What were the casualties of the 1857 Mutiny?
6,000 British killed vs 150,000 Indians
77
What happened at Cawnpore during the 1857 Mutiny?
200 British killed, thrown into a 50ft well, Indians made to lick blood from floor
78
How many Bengali regiments continued post-Mutiny?
Only 12 out of 74
79
How fast did railway development occur between 1858 and 1861?
2 miles per day
80
How much land was affected by irrigation schemes between 1858 and 1868?
Only 6%
81
What was abolished in 1858 that helped princely states support Britain?
Doctrine of Lapse
82
What did the Government of India Act 1858 establish?
Secretary of State for India, Viceroy, 15-member Indian Council, ICS under Sec of State
83
How many Indian soldiers were sent to China in 1859?
10000
84
Who was Colonial Secretary from 1857 to 1864?
Duke of Newcastle
85
What office was set up in 1859 with its own Secretary of State?
India Office
86
What was the Blue Mutiny (1859-61)?
Indigo harvest fell 23%, farmers protested forced cultivation
87
When did France gain a foothold in Indochina?
1860s
88
What river practice did Viceroy Lawrence ban in 1864?
Throwing of dead into the Hoogly River
89
What was the impact of the 1866 Orissa famine?
4 to 5 million died in the two-year period
90
What did Mary Carpenter do in 1866 and 1868?
Visited India in 1866, opened teacher training college in 1868
91
How much track and what military innovation happened by 1867?
3,000 miles of track, armoured gun train introduced
92
What institute was founded in 1870?
Royal Colonial Institute
93
Who was Colonial Secretary from 1870 to 1874?
Duke of Kimberley
94
What did the 1871 census reveal?
236 million under British or princely rule
95
What significant event happened in Germany in 1871?
Germany unified
96
What law did Northbrook introduce in 1872?
Indian Christian Marriage Act
97
Who was Colonial Secretary from 1874 to 1878?
Earl of Carnarvon
98
What region did Britain annex in 1874?
Malaya
99
What college was founded in 1875 for Indian princes?
Mayo College, Ajmer
100
What famine occurred under Viceroy Lytton and how many died?
Great Famine of 1876–77, 10 million dead
101
What happened on 1st Jan 1877?
Queen Victoria made Empress of India
102
How much did the 1877 Delhi Durbar cost and how many troops were there?
£1 million and 80,000 troops
103
What major event did Lytton initiate in 1878?
Invasion of Afghanistan, Second Anglo-Afghan War
104
What was the 1878 Vernacular Press Act?
Prevented vernacular press from criticising British
105
How many CMS schools existed by 1880?
Over 150
106
What newspaper did Tilak found in 1881?
Kesari
107
What territory did Britain take in 1881?
Upper Borneo
108
When was the Vernacular Press Act repealed?
1882
109
What was the outcome for 1,700 Calcutta graduates by 1882?
1/3 in govt service, 3/8 in law; 1,100 gov appointments
110
What two legal initiatives were introduced in 1883?
Indian Famine Codes and Ilbert Bill
111
Who was Colonial Secretary from 1882 to 1885?
Earl of Derby
112
How many Indian troops were sent to Egypt in 1882?
7000
113
What territory did Russia reach by 1884?
Borders of Afghanistan
114
What was the army composition by 1885?
70,000 Britons and 125,000 Indians
115
What major political party formed in 1885?
Indian National Congress
116
What regions did Britain annex in 1885?
Brunei and Upper Burma
117
What did Viceroy Dufferin do in 1886?
Annexed Burma
118
What did the 1888 Dufferin Report recommend?
Provincial and central councils with Indians; Imperial Service Corps
119
How many CMS hospitals existed by 1890?
12
120
When did Russia begin the Trans-Siberian Railway?
1891
121
Who was Colonial Secretary from 1887 to 1892?
Lord Knutsford
122
Who oversaw the Anglo-Manipur War in 1891?
Lord Lansdowne
123
How many Manipuri Commanders were hung in 1891?
5
124
How many Manipuri were given transportation for life in 1891?
21
125
How many firearms were seized from the local population after the Anglo-Manipur War?
4000
126
What did the 1892 Indian Councils Act do?
Increases number of non-official members on Central and Provincial council to 8, 30 and 15 from Bombay, Madras and the North Western Province respectively
127
How many troops did Britain use to defeat the Afridi uprising (1897–98)?
30
128
What newspaper was set up by Paranjape in 1898?
Kaal
129
How many died in the 1899–1900 Bengal Famine?
Between 1–4.5 million
130
By how much did VR Curzon increase the railway mileage?
From 43
131
By how much did Curzon increase irrigated land?
By 3 million hectares
132
How many Russian troops were near Afghanistan in 1900?
300
133
How many British troops were available to defend Northern India in 1900?
100
134
What was the purpose of the Imperial Cadet Corps founded in 1901?
To train young Indian princes
135
Which province did VR Curzon create in 1901?
North West Frontier Province (NWFP)
136
Who founded the Dohnavur Fellowship in 1901?
Amy Carmichael
137
What was the goal of the Dohnavur Fellowship?
To protect temple girls from forced prostitution
138
What was the Raleigh University Commission (1902)?
A body to recommend University reforms
139
What society was founded by the Savarkar brothers in 1903?
Young India Society
140
What did the 1904 Indian Universities Act do?
Increased British control over education
141
Who called the 1904 Universities Act a "retrograde measure"?
Gokhale
142
How much did Curzon personally contribute to the Taj Mahal restoration?
£40
143
What did the 1904 Ancient Monuments Restoration Act do?
Allowed preservation of Indian heritage buildings
144
What did Curzon establish in each province in 1904?
A Criminal Investigation Department
145
Why was the CID criticised?
"Too Russian" by Whitehall
146
What research institute was founded by Curzon in 1905?
Agricultural Research Institute
147
What was the purpose of the Agricultural Research Institute?
Revitalize Indigo plantations post-German aniline synthesis
148
What event divided 78 million people in 1905?
Partition of Bengal
149
What was the religious divide of Bengal after the partition?
Muslim East and Hindu West
150
How much did education aid increase from 1905–12?
From 40 lakhs to 75 lakhs
151
What action did Curzon encourage Younghusband to take in 1905?
Invade Tibet
152
What was the Carlyle Circular of October 1905?
Threatened students protesting against the British with withdrawal of privileges
153
What educational institutions were founded in 1906?
Bengal Technical Institute
154
What industrial venture was launched in August 1906?
Banga Lakshmi Cotton Mills
155
What other Swadeshi ventures were attempted in 1906?
Porcelain
156
When was the All India Muslim League founded?
1906
157
What happened to Paranjape and Tilak in 1908?
Pranjape and Tilak arrested: P for seditious writings, given 19 months and Kall was banned and his writings confiscated
158
What Act did VR Minto pass in 1908?
Newspapers Act (censorship)
159
Who killed Curzon Wylie in 1909?
Members of the Young India Society
160
What happened on 5th November 1909?
Two bombs thrown at Lord Minto (failed assassination)
161
What did the 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms do?
27 Indians elected from Provincial Councils to Viceroy’s Council
162
Quote on 1909 reforms?
"Reform may not save the Raj but nothing else will"
163
How much trade did India and Burma represent 1909–13?
11.9% of British exports and 7.3% of imports
164
What was passed in 1910 to increase media control?
Press Act
165
How many Indians could gain seats in 1910?
135
166
What infrastructure project was completed between 1910–12?
Hardinge Bridge
167
Why was the Hardinge Bridge built?
Improve communication between Calcutta and East Bengal
168
Which Viceroy moved the capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911?
Hardinge
169
What was the cost and size of the 1911 Delhi Durbar?
£2 million and 20 square miles
170
What composition was made for the 1911 Delhi Durbar?
Crown of India by Cardinal Newman
171
What did Cardinal Newman help design between 1912–14?
New Delhi’s Mughal and neo-classical architecture
172
By 1914 how much of British exports went to India?
India takes 20% Bri exports = £150 million
173
By 1914 what proportion of troops in France were Indians or former British soldiers in India?
1/3
