Age Of Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Exploration, Revolution

Question 1

Italian scientist, improved the telescope, made observations that proved the Copernican view of the universe; 1633: church forced him to recant and placed him under house arrest

Answer 1

Galileo Gallilei

Question 2

Believed in observation of the world, believed scientists should experiment, scientists theorize and test their theories; scientific method

Answer 2

Francis Bacon

Question 3

Doubt all unless reason proves otherwise, natural world follows all basic laws, “i think, therefore i am”

Answer 3

Rene Descartes

Question 4

Laws of gravitation

Answer 4

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 5

Laws of planetary motion

Answer 5

Johannes Kepler

Question 6

“Life is short”, life is chaos; monarchs must be absolute in order to preserve order

Answer 6

Thomas Hobbes

Question 7

Believed problems exist in a state of nature, purpose of gvt should be to protect natural rights; life, liberty, and property

Answer 7

John Locke

Question 8

A time period also known as the Age of Reason; 18th century Europe

Answer 8

Age of Enlightenment

Question 9

Causes of Enlightenment

Answer 9

The religious warfare of the 1600s, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes

Question 10

Louis XIII’s chief minister; strengthened the monarchy’s power; took away huguenots political and military rights; set up network of spies to uncover plots by nobles

Answer 10

Cardinal Richelieu

Question 11

Sought to increase France’s wealth and power by following mercantilism; granted subsidies to new industries; built roads and canals; raised tariffs on foreign goods

Answer 11

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Question 12

Took control of gvt and crushed a revolt led by nobles

Answer 12

Cardinal Mazarin

Question 13

Built a large and efficient standing army; set up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army; laid foundation for the Prussian state

Answer 13

Frederick William the Great Elector

Question 14

First czar of Russia; expanded territories of Russia eastward; crushed the power of the Russian nobility (boyars); stabbed son to death

Answer 14

Ivan IV

Question 15

New czar after Ivan IV; had dynasty

Answer 15

Michael Romanov

Question 16

Absolutist monarch who claimed the divine right to rule; divided Russia into provinces and modernized it

Answer 16

Peter the Great

Question 17

Military genius; purged Parliament of any members who had not supported him; dispersed Rump Parliament by force; got Charles I executed; set up military dictatorship

Answer 17

Oliver Cromwell

Question 18

System in which ruler holds total power

Answer 18

Absolutism

Question 19

Believed that he received his power from God and was responsible only to God

Answer 19

James I

Question 20

Believed in divine right of kings; tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England; was beheaded.

Answer 20

Charles I

Question 21

Heliocentric view, afraid of the church, published book on deathbed

Answer 21

Nicholas Copernicus

Question 22

Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while mainting their royal powers

Answer 22

Enlightened absolutism

Question 23

One of the best educated and most cultured monarchs; well versed in enlightenment ideas

Answer 23

Frederick the Great

Question 24

Worked to centralize and strengthen the state; worked to improve the condition of the serfs; monarch of Austria

Answer 24

Maria Theresa

Question 25

Ruler of Russia; intelligent woman who favored enlightened reforms

Answer 25

Catherine the Great

Question 26

What caused austrian succession?

Answer 26

King Frederick II invaded Austrian Silesia

Question 27

What were the results of the Austrian Succession?

Answer 27

Agreed to Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; Maria Theresa rebuilt her army

Question 28

Who fought at the War in India?

Answer 28

Britain and France

Question 29

What were the results of the War in India?

Answer 29

British won b/c more persistence; Treaty of Paris signed

Question 30

Who were some of the combatants in the War in North America?

Answer 30

British and French

Question 31

What were the results of the War in North America?

Answer 31

Great Britain became the world's greatest colonial power

Question 32

went around the cape and cut across the Indian Ocean to the coast of India; took on a cargo of spices. Made a profit of several thousand percent

Answer 32

Vasco de Gama

Question 33

believed he could reach Asia by sailing west instead of east around Africa; reached the Americas in 1492 where he explored coastline of Cuba; believed he had reached Asia and reached all major Caribbean islands and Hondura

Answer 33

Christopher Columbus

Question 34

a fleet of warships

Answer 34

armada

Question 35

spanish conqueror of Mexico

Answer 35

Hernan Cortes

Question 36

Venetian seamen; explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England

Answer 36

John Cabot

Question 37

Aztec monarch

Answer 37

Montezuma

Question 38

destroyed Incan empire; established new capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish Empire

Answer 38

Francisco Pizarro

Question 39

right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborers

Answer 39

encomienda

Question 40

a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century

Answer 40

mercantilism

Question 41

hierarchy of Latin America

Answer 41

- penninsulares: Spanish and Portuguese officials who had been born in Europe and held all important government positions - creoles: descendants of Europeans born in Latin America - mesitzoes: offspring of Europeans and Native Americans - mulattoes: offspring of Africans and Europeans

Question 42

large agricultural estates

Answer 42

plantations

Question 43

pattern of trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Answer 43

triangular trade

Question 44

the journey of enslaved people from Africa to the Americas

Answer 44

Middle Passage

Question 45

treaty that called for line of demarcation extending from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of the South American continent

Answer 45

Treaty of Tordesillas

Question 46

recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France; gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges such as holding public offices

Answer 46

Edict of Nantes

Question 47

named Elizabeth as "the only supreme governor" of both church and state

Answer 47

The Act of Supremacy

Question 48

the Huguenot political leader; converted to Catholicism

Answer 48

Henry of Navarre

Question 49

became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire; repealed the laws favoring Catholics; foreign policy; tried to keep Spain and France from becoming too powerful by balancing power

Answer 49

Elizabeth Tudor I

Question 50

french Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Answer 50

Huguenots

Question 51

protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas

Answer 51

Puritans

Question 52

belief that you received power from God and was responsible only to God

Answer 52

divine right of kings

Question 53

supporters of the King

Answer 53

Cavaliers or Royalists

Question 54

parliamentary forces

Answer 54

Roundheads

Question 55

leader of Spain; supporter of militant Catholicism; tried to crush Calvinism in Netherlands

Answer 55

King Phillip II of Spain

Question 56

divided more than three hundred states of the Holy Roman Empire into independent states and gave them power to determine their own religion and to conduct their own foreign policy

Answer 56

Peace of Westphalia

Question 57

William invaded England in 1688; James sent forward his army and retreated to London

Answer 57

Glorious Revolution

Question 58

set forth Parliament's right to make laws and to levy taxes; stated that standing armies could be raised only with Parliament's consent; impossible for kings to oppose or to do without Parliament; right of citizens to keep arms and have a jury trial

Answer 58

Bill of Rights

Question 59

Russian noble

Answer 59

boyar

Question 60

defeat of Turks; took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia

Answer 60

Hapsburgs of Austria

Question 61

involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany; caused by conflict between Protestants and Catholics

Answer 61

Thirty Years War

Question 62

gvt had three branches; system of checks and balances through separation of powers

Answer 62

Montesquieu

Question 63

criticism of Christianity and tolerance of religious toleration; deism; world worked like a clock

Answer 63

Voltaire

Question 64

created the Encyclopedia

Answer 64

Dennis Diderot

Question 65

The Wealth of Nations; state should not interfere in economic matters; gvt should defend citizens from injustice, protect society from invasion, keep up certain public works that private individuals could not afford

Answer 65

Adam Smith

Question 66

society agrees to be governed by its general will (social contract); sought a balance between heart and mind, between emotions and reason

Answer 66

Jean-Jacques Rousseau