Age-Related Exercise Physiology Flashcards
Types of bone cells (controlled by __________)
Hormones
Growth plates have lots of bone cells but ________________ which allows for the bones to continue to grow (but more prone to injury)
less mineralization
________________ : build new bone
Osteoblasts
Long bones grow mainly from a specific area:
Epiphyseal growth plates
Physical activity stimulates bone remodeling: ________& _________
Width, Density
Some kids will get stronger faster/earlier than others
– 10-fold increase in __________ levels in boys from childhood to adolescence
testosterone
__________ increases fat deposition & ____________ dictates location
Estrogen, Lipoprotein lipase
Kids will fatigue quickly when pushed _____________
Anaerobically
- ___________
– Bone removal is exceeding bone synthesis
Osteopenia
Briefly explain why children (in relative terms) sweat less than adults.
Kids rely way more non radiation and convection apposed to evaporation. Less muscle mass = less body water = less sweat because less evaporation and cooling is required.
Briefly explain why we lose height as we get older.
We lose height when we get older due to a few factors:
- Dehydration of vertebral discs
- Osteoporosis
- Spinal misallingment
common themes: adaptations overtime –> poor posture, weaker and more condensed bone structures
Identify and explain three muscle groups you would focus on when developing a strength program for an elderly individual.
- Postural muscles
- help with bone health
- ex. spinal vertebrae, back muscles. - Strengthen ankle muscles
- Lower body –> help stabilize body(limit knee problems, hip breaks from falls)
Note** Low impact aerobic exercise (explain with example)
* Reduce adipose tissue but mindful of arthritis and osteoporosis
Explain three valuable exercise recommendations you could give to a personal trainer who is working with an elderly client.
- balance and stability training
- Low impact aerobic exercise (explain with example)
- Reduce adipose tissue but mindful of arthritis and osteoporosis
–> ex. light walking - segmented workouts(being mindful of thermoregulation and fatigue)
Explain three changes that ‘typically’ occur with aging that may negatively effect activities of daily living.
- Lose height
- osteoporosis
- spinal misallingment - Increase in adipose tissue
- decreased metabolic rate –> burn fewer calories(less easy)
- so, physical fitness becomes more important - Muscle
- lose FT fibers
Long Answer
1. Children and adolescents develop at different times/rates. List and explain a specific a) hormonal, b) neurological, c) cardiovascular and d) musculoskeletal factor that may cause one adolescent to improve faster than another in an athletic/sport performance?
- Musculoskeletal
- Some kids (boys or girls) will grow taller faster or earlier than others
- Elevated GH
- Height is Due to Early Accelerated Bone Development
Muscle (Strength)
- Some kids will get stronger faster/earlier than others
– 10-fold increase in testosterone levels in boys from childhood to adolescence
- Hormonal
Adipose Tissue
* Girls will begin to store more body fat then boys
– Estrogen increases fat deposition
– Lipoprotein lipase dictates location
- Cardiovascular
* Maximum heart rate
– Kids have higher max heart rates
* Smaller chambers can fill quickly
* Smaller stroke volume (SV) – Less myocardium
– Lower testosterone
* Higher a-vO2 difference
– Naturally high capillary to muscle ratio (Why?)
– Low glycogen stores
* Fatigue quickly when pushed anaerobically
** some kids genetics and physical activity Cavan have them mow advance for their age. - Neurological
Myelination of neurons continues into adolescence
– In the brain and in nerves throughout body
– Kids who complete myelination before others could be because of genetics or physical activity levels
