Aggression Flashcards

Question

tinbergen

Answer 1

studied stickleback fish (have red spots on their back) with a series of wooden blocks. wooden blocks with red spots always caused the sticklebacks to be aggressive and show a fixed action pattern

Answer 2

❌ - animal studies cannot be generalised to humans ✅ - the idea that aggression is adaptive is supported by the evolutionary explanation ❌ - biological determinism ❌ - research is correlational, you can't establish cause and effect ❌ - fixed action patterns can be altered and learned by stimuli.

Answer 3

cuckoldry, mate-retention strategies, bullying

Answer 4

cuckoldry in our ancestors was seen as a waste of resources as you are investing into children that will not pass on your own genes - this has led to evolved aggression in the form of mate-retention strategies

Answer 5

mate-retention strategies are performed by men towards their partners, and ensure fidelity in order to avoid cuckoldry. they are shown by direct guarding, such as tracking your partner on your phone and constantly asking where shes going, and negative inducements, threats of dire consequences if your partner shows infidelity, e.g i'll kill myself if you break up with me

Answer 6

studied IPV in heterosexual couples, 107 couples filled out questionnaires, men filled out a mate-retention inventory, woman filled out the spouse influence report. found a strong positive correlation between mate-retention strategies and reports of physical violence.

Answer 7

bullying is adaptive, as in our ancestors it could increase chance of survival by promoting their own resources, and increasing chance of reproduction

Answer 8

✅ wilson found women who reported MRS were 2x more likely to suffer physical violence ❌ - alpha bias, does not include why women could be aggressive, exaggerates the differences between men and women ❌ - most studies are self report which could be affected by social desirability bias, or positive illusions in relationships ❌ - studies of IPV are correlational, could be a third variable which affects aggression ❌ - biological determinism ❌ - all IPV studies are socially sensitive

Answer 9

operant conditioning (direct and indirect) and self efficacy

Answer 10

aggression can be learnt by being directly reinforced, e.g being aggressive and being rewarded for it aggression can be learnt vicariously, through watching people be aggressive and be rewarded for it, you are then likely to imitate that behaviour mediational processes consist of attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Answer 11

the extent to which we believe our own actions will lead to positive outcomes

Answer 12

jon venables got the idea of the murder from watching chucky, the way they killed james mirrored chuckys actions in the film

Answer 13

❌ - ¡kung san people of the kalahari desert are never taught aggression because it is frowned upon, but children still show aggression showing it must be affected by something other than learning ❌ - environmental reductionism, doesn't include biological influences on aggression ✅ - allows for free will in choosing to imitate aggression instead of being programmed to imitate aggression once it is observed ❌ - does not explain children who show reactive aggression instead of just aggression to gain a reward

Answer 14

blocked from achieving goals, aggression is not always direct

Answer 15

formed the FA hypothesis, stated that aggression is always the outcome when we are prevented from achieving our goals. it is based in the psychodynamic theory of catharsis, views aggression as a psychological drive akin to biological drives such as hunger

Answer 16

- experience frustration - leads to an aggressive drive - leads to aggressive behaviour

Answer 17

1) it is an abstract cause, such as society 2) the source has too much power, e.g a teacher being able to give you detention 3) the source is not currently present

Answer 18

gave ppts an impossible puzzle to solve, which was either impossible, deatured a confederate who would mess it up, or a confederate who would insult you. aggression was measured after by shocks given to the confederate while they completed their own task. the strongest shocks were given by the insulted group, lowest by the impossible puzzle group

Answer 19

presence of aggressive environmental cues stimulate aggression

Answer 20

❌ - berkowitz said frustration just creates a readiness for aggression, there are other factors which cause aggression to be displayed ✅ - studies have shown that aggression is often aimed at innocent people when the source is not available, supporting the idea that aggression is not always aimed at the source ❌ - environmental reductionism, doesn't include biological influences ✅ - trigger can pull the finger hypothesis has real world application in america, where guns are able to be openly carried there is highest levels of gun violence

Answer 21

anonymity in a crowd leads to lower self awareness

Answer 22

when in a crowd, or in uniform, we lose our sense of identity and adopt the beliefs / behaviours of the group. this leads to deindividuation, and we act in ways we would never usually think about because we have diminished responsibility. when individuated, we act morally and conscientiously, when deindividuated we lose this and act impulsively, often aggressively

Answer 23

private: what you think about yourself public: what you think others think about you

Answer 24

asked a class anonymously what they would do for 24 hours if they would never be detected. 36% were antisocial behaviour, 26% was criminal behaviour

Answer 25

❌ - in a study where ppts either dressed up as KKK or nurses, the nurses showed affection to people, which is not included in the theory, as it states that all uniform leads to deindividuation, in turn causing aggression ✅ - deviation in the dark, strangers in a pitch black room for an hour became intimate with eachother, supportimg the idea that we act in ways we usually wouldn't when deindividuated ❌ - however, they did not act aggressively, which limits the theory that deindividuation leads to aggression ❌ - deindividuation in a crowd may just be conformity instead of deindividuation ❌ - environmental determinism, not everyone will follow the crowd as we have free will ✅ - online, anonymous chatrooms have higher levels of aggression that non-anonymous

Answer 26

deprivation, importation

Answer 27

refers to aggressive behaviour within a formal, controlled environment such as a prison

Answer 28

anything that explains the cause of behaviour as existing within the persons personality

Answer 29

irwin & cressey said that a culture of aggression is brought into prison due to the inmates backgrounds

Answer 30

anything that explains the cause of behaviour as existing within the environment

Answer 31

clemmer said that aggression is caused by the prison environment, as conditions are poor and normal human rights are stripped, which causes stress, leading to aggression

Answer 32

studied 813 juvenile offenders in california, inmates with higher dispositional elements were more likely to engage in suicidal activity and sexual misconduct

Answer 33

✅ - real world application, led to improving conditions to decrease aggression in prisons ✅ - delisi had large sample size ❌ - delisi based on self report, which is not reliable, subject to social desirability bias, demand characteristics ❌ - no difference in aggression between high and low security prisons, meaning the deprivation model is not accurate because the different environments do not impact aggression ✅ - both deprivation and importation work better together, an interactionist approach, less reductionist

Answer 34

media is any form of communication that delivers information, data, entertainment etc such as the news, books, films, music, tv,

Answer 35

video games are usually played on screen using a mouse, keyboard or controller. they involve first person shooters, simulations, adventure, sports or role playing games etc

Answer 36

experimental study - ppts played mortal kombat or pga golf, and aggression was tested by noise blasts against a confederate (opponent). loudest noise blasts occurred after the more violent game, mortal kombat

Answer 37

correlational study on 227 juvenile offenders, through interviews and questionnaires. he found that the most aggressive inmates played the most video games.

Answer 38

longitudinal study on children and their video game usage. they found that the people with the highest video game usage were the most likely to commit violent crimes as adults

Answer 39

meta analysis on studies similar to the ones before, found video games was associated with levels of aggression

Answer 40

❌ - bartholow & anderson, noise blasts is not a valid measure of aggression ❌ - bartholow & anderson, no video games is purely non aggressive, even golf is competitive therefore aggressive ✅ - delisi, large sample size ❌ - delisi, correlation does not equal causation ✅ - robertson, longitudinal means no individual differences ❌ anderson, meta analysis issues

Answer 41

when exposed to aggression / violence, we undergo physiological and psychological arousal. when exposed frequently to aggression / violence, this arousal decreases, normalising it in our brain, we are therefore more likely to act aggressively / violently

Answer 42

the weakening of social constraints against certain behaviours, these behaviours then temporarily seem socially acceptable, increasing the likelihood of them occurring in that person.

Answer 43

how violent images provide us with ready made scripts about what aggression looks like, this is stored in memory and then can be triggered when we perceive aggressive cues in a situation

Answer 44

showed ppts 'straw dogs' with a graphic rape scene, and then asked to watch a rape trial. ppts who didnt watch the film were more compassionate towards the victim

Answer 45

said that cognitive priming scripts are stored in memory and so we can be readily primed for aggression

Answer 46

✅ greitemeyer showed male ppts sexually aggressive songs and measured their aggression afterwards. they were measured as more aggressive compared to men who listened to neutral songs ❌ - cognitive priming happens over years, priming based on a couple songs is not accurate to its impact ✅ - aggression is more likely to be shown after watching films where violence is justified, therefore making it seem more socially acceptable ✅ - produce effective intervention strategies to reduce aggressive behaviour, real world application ❌ - environmentally reductionist and determinist

Aggression Flashcards

(70 cards)