Aggression references

Question 1

Enquist, Linear

Answer 1

1983,1987,1990,
studied sequential assessment model in Cichlid fish
Observed lateral orientation as first test. tail beating then frontal orientation , biting and mouth wrestling, loser swims away

Question 2

Clutton- Brock

Answer 2

1979 - studied red deer on the isle of Rum - sequential assessment of red deer over access to females
1. roaring
2. parallel walking
3. fighting

Question 3

Trivers

Answer 3

1972 “ where on sex invests considerably more than the other members of the latter, will compete among with themselves to mate with the former

Question 4

Selfish Gene

Answer 4

Richard Dawkins 1976 - individuals are expected to act selfishly

Question 5

Davies

Answer 5

1978 Resident always wins Hypthesis
speckled wood butterflys
resident will always defend their territory “patch of sunlight” and win against other butterflies

Question 6

O’Neill

Answer 6

1983, Beewolf wasps - larger males will always occupy territories,

Question 7

Pay off asymmetry hypothesis

Answer 7

residential territory owners will always win and fight for longer as they have more value as their territory is already established

Question 8

Birkhead, Hunter

Answer 8

1990 penis of the odonatan Colopteryx maculate carries stiff hairs and other structures / morophology of its penis which aid in removing sperm from males that have previously mated with females of the species

Question 9

Baker and Bellis

Answer 9

1993 - male dunnocks peck at the cloaca of females to displace sperm, this causes female to eject any sperm left from previousely mated males

Question 10

Baker and Bellis

Answer 10

1988, Kamikaze sperm- 20% of sperm is “deformed” with multiple heads, tails or no heads etc
used in copulatory plugs to plug the entrance of the females copulatory organs to prevent other males from mating with her
may also hunt down and kill the sperm of other males

Question 11

Kunz et al

Answer 11

2014, european dwarf spider; observed mating sessions between virgin females and males:
longer copulations results in large copulatory plugs
larger plugs = subsequent males unlikely to remove it
softers and fresher the plug makes it easier to remve and the higher a second males chance of copulation

Question 12

Fromhage Nephila fenestrate

Answer 12

2006, Extreme copulatory plug, male copulatory organ breaks off and remains within female to prevent further copulations occuring
male can also no longer copulate

Question 13

Zahavi

Answer 13

1977, handicap - sexual selection -sexual ornamentents act as a handicap to the male and increase the costs such as increased predation risk

Question 14

Warner and Robinson

Answer 14

1978 - bluehead wrasse
Dominant males have smaller testes than smaller males who usually mate in groups and are under higher sperm competition conditions

Question 15

Darwin

Answer 15

1859, Natural selection contrasts sexual selection