Aging And Cancer

Question 1

What is mitosis?

Answer 1

Cell division

Question 2

What causes uncontrolled cell division?

Answer 2

Initiated by mutation in genes associated with control of cell growth.

Question 3

What is the 2nd major cause of death? And what is the survival rate?

Answer 3

Cancer and 67%

Question 4

What biologically increases the probability of cancer?

Answer 4

Aging. Human lifespan had doubled over last 100 years.

Question 5

What are the cancers based on tissue type?

Answer 5

Carcinoma
Leukemia and Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Nueroblastoma

Question 6

What is mutagen?

Answer 6

Agent that alters DNA

Question 7

What is a tumor?

Answer 7

Swelling

Question 8

What is neoplasia?

Answer 8

New thing formed

Question 9

What is carcinogen?

Answer 9

Agent that causes cancer

Question 10

What does malignant mean?

Answer 10

“Bad” kind

Question 11

What does benign mean?

Answer 11

“Good” kind

Question 12

What is metastasis?

Answer 12

Spreading

Question 13

What is transformation?

Answer 13

Altered growth of cells

Question 14

What is cancer?

Answer 14

A loss of cell growth control caused by multiple mutations.

Question 15

Are stages of cancer visible?

Answer 15

You rarely see the early stages of cancer, or takes time to develop.

Question 16

What are proto-oncogenes ?

Answer 16

Precursor to cancer gene. Normal genes that encode for proteins that control or regulate cell growth.

Question 17

What are oncogenes ?

Answer 17

“Cancer” gene, a mutated Proto-oncogene. E.g., ras- 30% of all cancers; 90% of pancreatic cancers.

Question 18

What is the purpose of DNA repair genes?

Answer 18

Repair damaged dna

Question 19

What is Apoptosis?

Answer 19

Cellular “suicide” aka Programmed Cell Death promoted by p53.

Question 20

What happens when p53 is mutated?

Answer 20

Cancer

Question 21

What is p53?

Answer 21

A protein

Question 22

What do Tumor Suppressor Genes Inhibit?

Answer 22

Excessive cellular proliferation. E.g., p53- mutated in 90% of lung cancer and >50% of breast and colon cancers.

Question 23

What Is BRCA1,2?

Answer 23

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins. These proteins help repair damaged DNA and, therefore, play a role in ensuring the stability of each cell’s genetic material.

Question 24

What occurs when BRCA1,2 is mutated?

Answer 24

Mutated in 20-25% of inherited (5% of ALL) breast cancers.

Question 25

How is BRCA1,2 associated with breast cancer?

Answer 25

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are unrelated proteins, but both are normally expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue, where they help repair damaged DNA, or destroy cells if DNA cannot be repaired. If mutated it leads to breast cancer.

Question 26

What are the increasing factors that are cancer risks?

Answer 26

``` ▪️Genes? Mutation ▪️Environment? Diet Infection Tobacco Sunlight Occupation ```

Question 27

Are most cancers inherited?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

What are the specific factors of one’s diet that risk cancer?

Answer 28

``` Alcohol Fat v Fiber Antioxidants Caloric Restriction Salted/Smoke Food Tobacco Diet + Culture ```

Question 29

What is diet + culture factors that run the risk of cancer?

Answer 29

``` Japan= witness stomach cancer U.S.= witness CRC ``` *when a Japanese family migrate to the U.S. they adapt a western diet (high fat, high cholesterol, etc.) and instead of stomach cancer they run the risk of CRC.

Question 30

What are the three main infections that led to cancer in 2008?

Answer 30

H.Pylori (most common) HB/CV HPV

Question 31

What is helicobacter pylori?

Answer 31

Bacteria in the stomach that can lead to stomach cancer

Question 32

How is cancer diagnosed?

Answer 32

▪️Annual Physical ▪️Chest X-ray (lung) ▪️CT, Spiral CT, PET, MRI Scans ▪️Biopsy

Question 33

Is biopsy definitive ?

Answer 33

...

Question 34

What is a PET Scan?

Answer 34

Positron-emission tomography is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease.

Question 35

What is an MRI Scan?

Answer 35

DescriptionMagnetic resonance imaging is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

Question 36

What are cancer treatments?

Answer 36

▪️Surgery “BEST”: removes tumors and nearby lymph nodes Curative: Removal of tumor (localize) ▪️Chemotherapy Inject directly into the vein or through catheter (injecting poison which has a low impact in adults and high impact in children) ▪️Radiation High energy X-ray shrinks tumors kills cancerous cells

Question 37

What are new treatments?

Answer 37

``` ▪️Chemo Regimens Drug cocktails ▪️Targeted Therapies Monoclonal Antibodies Anti-Angiogenesis Agents (Avastin)-> Growth factors inhibitors (Erbitux) ▪️Cancer Vaccines Yervoy, Keytruda=therapeutic, Gardasil, Cervarix=prophylactic ```

Question 38

What is the difference between Therapeutic and Prophylactic?

Answer 38

Prophylactic=Prevent | Therapeutic=Cure

Question 39

What are the deadliest cancers?

Answer 39

``` Women= Lung, CRC, Breast, and Pancreatic Cancer. Men= Lung, CRC, Pancreatic Cancer, and Prostate ```