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AGK summary AI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four categories of aircraft incidents based on severity?

A
  • Minor: 10-3-10-5, light, passenger discomfort
  • Major: 10-5-10-7, significant, passenger distress
  • Hazardous: 10-7-10-9, large and excessive, passenger fatal injury
  • Catastrophic: <10-9, hull loss and fatalities

These categories help in assessing the impact and response required for different types of aircraft incidents.

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2
Q

What materials are commonly used in aircraft construction?

A
  • Aluminium
  • Duraluminium (+copper)
  • Stainless steel (+chromium)
  • Magnesium alloy
  • Titanium
  • Composites

Different materials are chosen for their specific properties like strength, weight, and resistance to corrosion.

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3
Q

What are the two structural designs of aircraft?

A
  • Monocoque: just skin
  • Semicoque: stringers, skin, frames

These designs affect the strength and weight distribution of the aircraft structure.

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4
Q

What types of loads must the structure of pressurized aircraft carry?

A
  • Hoop (radial) loads
  • Axial loads

These loads are crucial for the structural integrity of pressurized aircraft.

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5
Q

What is a torsion box in wing structure?

A

A monocoque structure made with spars, ribs, and skin reinforced by stringers

It provides strength and stability to the wing against torsional forces.

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6
Q

What are the three types of aircraft systems based on damage tolerance?

A
  • Failsafe: multiple separated paths of damage capable of holding the load
  • Safe life: hard-time maintenance
  • Damage tolerant: capable of reducing failure effect

These systems are designed to ensure aircraft safety and reliability.

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7
Q

What are the types of flight controls in aircraft?

A
  • Manual flight controls
  • Power assisted controls
  • Totally powered controls
  • Fly by wire

Each type has different operational characteristics and levels of pilot involvement.

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8
Q

What does the term ‘Q-feel’ refer to in aircraft controls?

A

The feedback sensation experienced by the pilot, necessary in totally powered controls due to no physical connection

It is important for pilot situational awareness and control.

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9
Q

What are the components of hydraulic systems in aircraft?

A
  • Reservoirs
  • Pumps
  • Actuators
  • Control valves
  • Monitoring systems
  • Filters

These components work together to ensure the effective operation of hydraulic systems.

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10
Q

What indicates a low-pressure condition in hydraulic systems?

A

Master caution, an amber light, and a low-pressure reading

This alerts the pilot to potential hydraulic system failures.

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11
Q

What is the function of a pressure relief valve in hydraulic systems?

A

Closes if pressure is out of range and returns fluid to the tank

It helps prevent damage to hydraulic systems due to overpressure.

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12
Q

What types of landing gear configurations exist?

A
  • Tail wheel
  • Nose wheel
  • Retractable

Different configurations impact aircraft handling and aerodynamics.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the outflow valve in pressurization systems?

A

To restrict the outflow from the cabin and control cabin altitude

This is crucial for maintaining a safe environment for passengers and crew.

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14
Q

What are the main types of fuel used in aviation?

A
  • Avgas (80, 100, 100LL)
  • Mogas
  • Avtur (JetA, JetA1, JetB)

Different fuel types are used based on aircraft requirements and performance.

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15
Q

True or False: Anti-icing systems are designed to prevent ice formation on aircraft surfaces.

A

True

Anti-icing systems are crucial for safe aircraft operation in icy conditions.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of pneumatic systems in aircraft?

A
  • Instruments
  • Anti/De-icing
  • Emergency brakes
  • Fire bottles
  • Cabin air conditioning and pressurization

Pneumatic systems utilize compressed air for various aircraft functionalities.

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17
Q

What are the two types of batteries used in aircraft?

A
  • Primary batteries (not rechargeable)
  • Secondary batteries (rechargeable)

Each type has different applications and performance characteristics.

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18
Q

What does the term ‘DC load sharing’ refer to in electrical systems?

A

The same as carbon pile but made between two circuits in parallel with two different generators

This helps maintain stable voltage levels across multiple power sources.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ valve is used to change the pressure system in case of primary system failure.

A

[Shuttle valve]

Shuttle valves are critical for maintaining system functionality in the event of failures.

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20
Q

What does the term ‘tyre creep’ refer to?

A

The circumferential movement of the tyre in relation to the wheel rim

Understanding tyre creep is important for aircraft safety and performance.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the fuel low-level warning system?

A

To alert the crew of low fuel supply in the tank

This helps prevent fuel starvation during flight.

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22
Q

What is the phase voltage of the generator mentioned?

A

115 Volt

The voltage is at 400Hz.

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23
Q

What protections are included in the Generators Control Unit (GCU)?

A
  • Over voltage
  • Under voltage
  • Over current
  • Under frequency
  • Over frequency

The GCU removes the fault generator from the bus and memorizes the fail.

24
Q

What do the different colored lights indicate in the aircraft?

A
  • Red: Danger or fire warning
  • Orange: Engine/generator failure or low oil pressure
  • Green: LDG down
  • White: Advisory messages
  • Blue: Transition of systems

These lights serve as operational indicators for pilots.

25
How does the static wick function in an aircraft?
Discharges static charge in flight by wings and tail to reduce radio interference ## Footnote It limits discharge to clouds.
26
What is the purpose of fire detection systems in aircraft?
Detects smoke or high temperature with AND logic to prevent spurious warnings ## Footnote Warning involves red lights flashing, a warning bell, and red alerts for each engine.
27
What types of smoke detectors are used in aircraft?
* Ion smoke detectors * Optical smoke detectors (labyrinth type) ## Footnote Ion detectors absorb alpha radiation, while optical detectors scatter light from an LED.
28
What are the four phases of a piston engine's thermodynamic cycle?
* Induction * Compression * Combustion * Exhaust ## Footnote Each phase plays a crucial role in the engine's operation.
29
What is the compression ratio in a piston engine?
Ratio between Total volume and Clearance volume ## Footnote The swept volume is the difference between these two volumes.
30
What is the stoichiometric ratio for optimal combustion in piston engines?
15:1 (about 15 kg of air for 1 kg of fuel) ## Footnote This ratio is important for achieving best economy and maximum exhaust gas temperature.
31
What is the difference between indicated horsepower and brake horsepower?
Indicated horsepower is the power at the engine; brake horsepower is the power output after friction losses ## Footnote Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake power to indicated power.
32
How does the ignition system in a piston engine function?
* Generates and manages current * Increases voltage for spark plugs ## Footnote It includes a coil, ignition switch, and contact breaker point.
33
What are the two pitch ranges for variable blade angle propellers?
* Beta/ground range * Alpha/inflight range ## Footnote These ranges control the pitch and performance of the propeller during different phases of flight.
34
What is a turbocharger used for in an aircraft engine?
Prevents mixture changes due to variation in air density ## Footnote It has a common shaft without a reduction gear.
35
What is a FADEC system in turbine engines?
Full Authority Digital Engine Control that manages engine performance and cannot be overridden ## Footnote If it fails, the engine fails.
36
What types of turbines are commonly used in aircraft engines?
* Impulse blade turbines * Reaction blade turbines ## Footnote Impulse blades convert pressure into velocity on the stator, while reaction blades do so on the rotor.
37
What is the purpose of the combustion chamber in a turbine engine?
Mixes fuel with air and ignites it to produce high-pressure gas for thrust ## Footnote Different designs include can type, annular type, and cannular type.
38
What is the primary function of the turbine in an aircraft engine?
Converts pressure energy after combustion to mechanical energy ## Footnote It operates in the opposite manner to the compressor.
39
What is the significance of the bypass ratio in a turbine engine?
Ratio between the LP flow (not combusted) and the HP flow (combusted) ## Footnote It affects engine efficiency.
40
What is blade creep?
Permanent radial deformation caused by high temperature (over design) ## Footnote Blade creep occurs when turbine blades experience extreme thermal stress, leading to deformation.
41
At what engine operation condition does stall occur more frequently?
Low RPM with a high RPM engine design ## Footnote Stall is also common during the acceleration process when speed is small or null.
42
What is chocking in a compressor?
Stall that starts from the rear stages due to overflow ## Footnote It's caused by higher axial speed on the rear compressor stages.
43
How can chocking be prevented?
By controlling fuel flow or using bleed valves ## Footnote Bleed valves spill air between low-pressure (LO) and high-pressure (HP) stages.
44
What causes stall at the front stages of the compressor?
Incorrect direction and speed of the inlet flow ## Footnote This affects engine performance, especially during acceleration.
45
What are the types of reverse thrust systems?
Clamshell door, bucket reverser, cold stream reverser ## Footnote - Clamshell door: uses hot exhaust, activated pneumatically. - Bucket reverser: similar to clamshell but found on small bypass engines. - Cold stream reverser: uses only low-pressure flow.
46
What are the purposes of the oil system in an engine?
Prevention of friction and corrosion, cleaning, and cooling of components ## Footnote The oil system is crucial for maintaining engine performance and longevity.
47
What components are included in the oil system?
Tanks, pumps, filters, gearboxes, heat exchangers, centrifugal breather, chip detectors ## Footnote Chip detectors collect ferrous material to filter oil and detect impending failure.
48
What is the difference between wet sump and dry sump oil systems?
Wet sump has oil storage at the bottom of the engine intake; dry sump stores oil outside the nacelle ## Footnote Wet sump helps prevent icing.
49
What is Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)?
Kg of fuel burned every second to produce 1 N of force ## Footnote SFC indicates fuel efficiency relative to the engine's thrust output.
50
How does altitude affect engine performance?
As altitude increases, maximum available thrust and SFC decrease ## Footnote Temperature increase can also affect SFC and thrust until a maximum OAT is reached.
51
What is engine trending?
The collection of parameters for maintenance ## Footnote Engine trending helps in monitoring the engine's health and performance.
52
What triggers an automatic APU shutdown?
Too high EGT ## Footnote This safety feature prevents damage to the Auxiliary Power Unit.
53
What initiates the start-up of an engine?
Injection of high pressure bleed air inside the combustion chamber ## Footnote This process is followed by turbine rotation, ignition, and fuel injection.
54
What is a hot start?
Very high EGT and low accelerating RPM caused by too much fuel ## Footnote Factors contributing to hot start include tailwind or thrust not in IDLE position.
55
What is a hung start?
Very high EGT and low RPM with stabilization at lower RPM than self-sustained rotation speed ## Footnote Causes include too low airflow or contaminants on the compressor.

ATPL theory (3 decks)

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