AI Flashcards
(22 cards)
Insemination site and time: cow
- intra-uterine
- 12 h after the beginning of the estrus (stand for mounting) – “am-pm rule”
Insemination site and time: ewe/doe
• intra-cervical or intra-uterine using a vaginal speculum
• intra-uterine using a laparoscope
• 12 to 24 after the beginning of the estrus (mounted by a
vasectomized teaser male)
Insemination site and time: mare
- intra-uterine via a pipette manually past through the cervix
- every 2 day from the second day of the estrus (fresh semen) or everyday (frozen semen)
Insemination site and time: sow
- deep cervical using specially adapted pipettes (spiral) or intra-uterine
- 12 to 24 h after the beginning of the estrus, repeat 12-18 h later (can be repeated again 12 h later)
how do we know when a female is in estrus or heat (estrus detection) ?
back pressure test - pigs
stand for mounting - cows
stand, urinate, and contract the vulva - horse
what are the steps to insemination in cattle?
- clean the vulva
- locate the cervix
- insemination gun is passed through the cervix and the semen is deposited inside the body of the uterus (not in one of the horns)
what are the general steps in AT in pigs?
-use a spiral tip, foam tip, or intrauterine tip
What are the steps to fixed time AI without heat detection?
day 0: GnRH, insert Cue-Mate (progesterone)
day 7: remove Cute-Mate, PGF (prostaglandin)
day 9: GnRH
day 10: fixed time artificial insemination
why do we use estrus synchronization (controlled breeding)?
- improve efficiency of heat detection
- control timing of first service postpartum
- improve reproductive performance
- shortened breeding and calving seasons
- concentrate labor need to certain times
prostaglandin
removes/reduces corpus luteum
cue-mate
produces progesterone and prevents early heats
** What are the advantages of AI?
• Increase genetic gain (maximize the use of superior sires)
• Allows the use of superior males without the cost and
responsibility of owning them
• Improve economic traits: milk production; average daily gain; carcass quality, maternal ability; etc…
• Reduces the chance of transmitting diseases
• Enables breeding between animals in different geographic locations
• Facilitates crossbreeding
• Allows the concentration of the breeding period (heat synchronization)
• Is a powerful tool when linked to other reproductive biotechnologies such as sperm cryopreservation and sperm sexing
• Can be used in conservation of rare breeds or endangered species
** What are the potential risks of AI?
- Spreading of pathogens if semen is contaminated (e.g., some males shed virus in semen without clinical signs of disease, some bacterial pathogens are resistant to the antibiotics in semen extenders). Recommended tests for pathogens should be performed.
- Decline in fertility if not properly executed.
- The focus on certain individuals may result in loss of genetic variability.
Why should we use animal biotechnology?
- Produce more
- Produce safe
- Make better products
- Prevent diseases
- Increase welfare
- Preserve the environment
- Develop new therapies
- Understand physiological and pathological processes
What are parameters for semen evaluation?
- volume
- sperm concentration • sperm viability
- motility (> 70%)
- morphology (> 70% normal)
What are the methods for semen evaluation?
- differential interference contrast microscopes
- multiple stains
- flow cytometry
- computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA)
Sperm concentration used for AI (x106 /dose):
- Bovine 15-20
- Porcine 2000-4000
- Ovine 20-100
- Equine 50-1000
- Canine 50-300
- Turkey 150-300
important aspects for the success of AI
- The use of adequate number of viable sperm cells per dose.
- Good semen preparation and handling.
- Proper timing of the insemination.
- Adequate deposition of semen in the female reproductive tract.
What are the very general steps to AI
- Semen collection
- Semen evaluation and processing
- Estrus detection
- Insemination (semen deposition)
How has AI affected cattle reproduction?
- Natural breeding: 20 to 50 offspring/year
* Artificial insemination: up to 50.000 offspring/year
What are examples of traditional animal biotechnologies?
selective breeding, hybridization, feed and hormonal supplements
What are examples of modern animal biotechnologies?
Gametes/Cells/Embryos/Tissues- culture, manipulation, freezing, transplantation (cloning)
Recombinant DNA/RNA techniques: gene manipulations, using animals as bioreators (produce proteins for medical use)
