Air Law 2

Question 1

ANS

Answer 1

Air Navigation Services
-ATS
-Communication
-Navigation
-Surveillance
-Meteorological
-Information

Question 2

Why are ANS needed in certain areas?

Answer 2

-High levels of commercial traffic or traffic density
-Poor met conditions
-Difficult navigation/Complex airspace
-Challenging terrain
-Nearby military traffic

Question 3

What are the different types of ATS?

Answer 3

-ATC
-Advisory
-Alerting
-FIS

Question 4

What are the Objectives of an ATS?

Answer 4

-Prevent collisions between aircraft in the air (manoeuvring area)
-Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of traffic
-Provide advice and information useful for safe/efficient flight
-Alert appropriate authorities regarding aircraft in need of medical or SAR

Question 5

What is EU 2015/340?

Answer 5

Entitles lawful holder the privileges of the ratings and endorsements of the licence

Question 6

What is a Rating?

Answer 6

Discipline of ATC such as AC or ADI

Question 7

What is a Rating Endorsement?

Answer 7

Conditions, privilege or limitation to a rating

Question 8

What is a Unit Endorsement?

Answer 8

Location or sector where competent to work

Question 9

What is a License Endorsement?

Answer 9

OJTI, Assessor etc

Question 10

What is Revalidation?

Answer 10

The act taken to “renew” your rating/endorsement within the period of validity.

Question 11

What is Renewal?

Answer 11

The act taken to “renew” your rating/endorsement outside the period of validity.

Question 12

What does an ATCO license require you to have?

Answer 12

-Current medical & English lang. certificate
-Minimum of 21 y/o
-Student ATCO must begin live training within 12 months
-Fit to work, not fatigued or under the influence of drugs/alcohol.

Question 13

What is EU923/2012?

Answer 13

SERA

Question 14

What is the SERA definition of “In-flight”?

Answer 14

From embarkation to coming to a rest after landing.

Question 15

What is the SERA definition of an “Aircraft”?

Answer 15

Any machine that derives lift support in the atmosphere from reactions from the air

Question 16

What is the SERA definition of an “Aeroplane”?

Answer 16

A powered, heavier-than-air machine that causes aerodynamic reactions from fixed surfaces

Question 17

What is the SERA definition of a helicopter?

Answer 17

Heavier than air aircraft supported by reactions from a power driven rotor

Question 18

What is the SERA definition of a UAV

Answer 18

Aircraft operated by a ground based controller via a comms link

Question 19

What is the SERA definition of Commercial Air Transport?

Answer 19

Aircraft used for pax, cargo or mail for remuneration

Question 20

What are the SERA guidelines for a pilot?

Answer 20

-PIC has final authority of aircraft safety
-Do not operate aircraft dangerously to endanger life or property
-PIC maintains complete authority in collision avoidance
-An aircraft shall not be operated in a way to create a collision hazard

Question 21

What are the Right of Way rules in the air?

Answer 21

-Aircraft with right of way will maintain speed and heading
-Aircraft aware of another aircrafts reduced mobility will give way (damaged)
-Avoid passing above/below/in-front of another aircraft until well clear
-Aircraft on right has right of way
-Powered aircraft will give way to non-powered
-Aircraft being overtaken will have right of way

Question 22

What are the Right of Way rules on the ground

Answer 22

-Landing/Taking-off aircraft will have right of way to taxiing/other aircraft
-Vehicles will give way to all aircraft and towing vehicles
-Vehicles will give way to other vehicles if instructed by ATC

Question 23

What is a cloud ceiling?

Answer 23

Based of lowest cloud layer below 20,000ft, where clouds fill at least 50% of the sky

Question 24

How is visibility calculated?

Answer 24

The greatest of how for a:
-A black object on the ground against a light background can be observed
-A light of 1000 candelas can be observed against a black background

Question 25

What is ground visibility ?

Answer 25

Distance observed by a qualified observer or automatic system at an aerodrome

Question 26

What is flight visibility?

Answer 26

Visibility as observed from the cockpit

Question 27

How is night defined?

Answer 27

From the end of civil evening twilight, to the start of civil morning twilight.

Question 28

How is IMC defined?

Answer 28

Met conditions that do not meet VMC minima

Question 29

What the VMC minima above 10,000ft? (A-G class airspace)

Answer 29

-8km visibility -1000ft vertically from cloud -1500m horizontally from cloud

Question 30

What are VMC minima between 10,000ft-3,000ft? (A-G class airspace)

Answer 30

-5km visibility -1000ft vertically from cloud -1500m horizontally from cloud

Question 31

What are the VMC minima at or below 3000ft? (F,G class airspace)

Answer 31

-5km visibility -Clear of cloud -In sight of the ground

Question 32

What are the VFR rules?

Answer 32

-Must not land/T.O/Circuit when ceiling is less than 1500ft or ground vis is less than 5km -Not above FL195 -Not at trans/supersonic speeds

Question 33

What distance must a VFR pilot stay away from Cities, ground/water and obstacles?

Answer 33

-At least 1000ft clear of cities -At least 500ft clear of ground/water -At least 500 foot horizontally and vertically of obstacles

Question 34

What are the special VFR rules?

Answer 34

-Only within control zone and during the day(unless authorised) -Clear of cloud, ground in sight -Vis no less than 1500m (800m helo) -When landing, vis no less than 1500m and ceiling no less than 600ft -Speed at 140kts IAS or less

Question 35

When authorized, when can a night VFR flight take place?

Answer 35

-Flight plan must be filed if leaving aerodrome -Two way comms will be established if possible -Ceiling must be 1500ft AMSL -Minimum vis is 5km regardless of speed (3km for helos and surface in sight) -1000ft min separation for obstacles within 8km

Question 36

What must IFR flights be equipped with?

Answer 36

Aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and with navigation equipment appropriate to the route to be flown and in accordance with the applicable air operations legislation.

Question 37

What are the minimum levels for IFR flights over terrain/obstacles?

Answer 37

-At least 2000ft above highest point or terrain within 8km -At least 1000ft above the highest obstacle within 8km

Question 38

What does an aircraft need to do when changing from IFR to VFR?

Answer 38

-Notify the appropriate ATSU specifically that the IFR flight is cancelled and communicate any changes to be made to its flight plan. -When an aircraft operating under the instrument flight rules is flown in or encounters VMC it shall not cancel its IFR flight unless it is anticipated, and intended, that the flight will be continued for a reasonable period of time in uninterrupted VMC

Question 39

What FL should an IFR flight at outside of CAS?

Answer 39

An IFR flight operating in level cruising flight outside of controlled airspace shall be flown at a cruising level appropriate to its track as specified in the table of cruising levels in Appendix 3, except when at or below 900 m (3000 ft) above mean sea level.” -Eastbound flights on odd FLs -Westbound flights on even FLs

Question 40

What must an IFR flight outside CAS do?

Answer 40

-Maintain air to ground communications and watch on the appropriate channel -Shall report position