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Aircraft Systems 1 Flashcards

(185 cards)

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1
Q

Engines provide ____ to overcome DRAG.

A

THRUST

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2
Q

Piston engines run through the ___ cycle.

A

OTTO

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3
Q

Gas turbine engines run through the ______ cycle.

A

BRAYTON

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4
Q

Describe the parts in a standard piston engine cycle.

A

Inlet Valve
Piston
Crankshaft
Connecting Rod
Spark Plug
Outlet Valve

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5
Q

Describe the 4 stages of the piston (Otto) cycle.

A

Induction - Air drawn into cylinder through inlet valve.
Compression - Upward movement of piston compresses air.
Power - Spark used to ignite air/fuel mixture driving piston.
Exhaust - Hot gases expelled through outlet valve.

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6
Q

List the 5 different cylinder layouts

A

In-line
Inverted
Flat Opposed
V
Radial

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7
Q

2 main limitations of a piston engine

A

RPM
Temperature

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8
Q

List the types of gas turbines

A

Turbojet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Turboshaft

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9
Q

Describe the gas turbine work ‘cycle’

A

Intake - Air drawn into compressor
Compression - Inc T+P, dec Vol.
Combustion - Fuel injected and burned. Inc T+Vol.
Turbine - Work taken out of combustion gases to drive compressor.
Exhaust - Expelled from rear of turbine (possibly giving thrust).

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10
Q

List the sections in a Gas Turbine

A

Air Inlet
Compression
Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Exhaust

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11
Q

What sections make up the ‘Cold Section’ of a Gas Turbine?

A

Air Inlet
Compression

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12
Q

What sections make up the ‘Hot Section’ of a Gas Turbine?

A

Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Exhaust

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13
Q

In a turbojet, what proportion of the air goes into the combustion process?

A

100%

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14
Q

In an ‘optimal’ gas turbine the exhaust pressure is as close to ____ ______ to maximise energy efficiency.

A

INLET PRESSURE

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15
Q

Name the 2 types of air intake

A

Sub-sonic
Super-sonic

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16
Q

Name the 2 types of compressors

A

Axial
Centrifugal

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17
Q

Which type of compressor is “cheaper to produce”?

A

Centrifugal

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18
Q

Which type of compressor is “more difficult to manufacture”?

A

Axial

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19
Q

Which type of compressor has “lower maintenance and running costs”?

A

Centrifugal

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20
Q

Which type of compressor has “small mass flow rates”?

A

Centrifugal

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21
Q

Which type of compressor has a “large frontal area”?

A

Centrifugal

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22
Q

Which type of compressor has a “low compression ratio”?

A

Centrifugal

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23
Q

Which type of compressor has “higher maintenance and running costs”?

A

Axial

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24
Q

Which type of compressor is “multi stage”?

A

Axial

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25
Which type of compressor has “air flowing radially”?
Centrifugal
26
Which type of compressor is “more expensive to produce”?
Axial
27
Which type of compressor is “single stage”?
Centrifugal
28
Which type of compressor has a “small frontal area”?
Axial
29
Which type of compressor has a “high compression ratio”?
Axial
30
Which type of compressor has “large mass flow rates”?
Axial
31
List the types of Combustion Chambers.
Multiple Can-Annular Annular
32
What is Turbine Creep?
Turbine blades lengthen under load and high temps.
33
What is Thermal Stress?
Rapid changes in temp causes uneven expansion and contraction in a turbine blade which increases the stress in the blade.
34
Advantage of a Turbofan
Increased thrust at low speeds results in better take-off performance.
35
Describe a Turbofan
Most common derivative of gas turbine Has “By-pass”
36
In a Turboprop. The _____ absorbs the majority of the gas energy to drive the propeller
TURBINE
37
Advantage of a Turboprop
Less kinetic energy waste makes this the most efficient use of a gas turbine at low/medium altitudes and speeds up to 350 kt.
38
Advantage of a Turboshaft
More compact than the others. Used on rotary assets
39
What gas turbines are designed for SUPERSONIC flight
Turbojet
40
What gas turbine is most efficient at low speeds?
Turboprop
41
A compressor stall occurs when a compressor operates _____ __ ___ ______.
Outside of its limits
42
List some causes of a compressor stall
Wrong RAF over comp blades. A blade ‘stalls’. All comp blades in stage at same angle/RAF. Presented airflow is disrupted. Disrupted airflow can cause following stages to stall.
43
What are the indications of a compressor stall?
Increase in engine vibration. Increase in Turbine Gas Temp (TGT).
44
Describe a compressor surge
Not a high enough pressure in the compressor therefore flame will migrate through compressor and force flame out front.
45
Indications of compressor surge
Intake banging Large rise in Turbine Gas Temp (TGT) Loss of thrust Possible catastrophic compressor failure
46
A STALL is a ____ breakdown of airflow through the compressor.
PARTIAL
47
A SURGE is a ____ breakdown of airflow through the compressor.
COMPLETE
48
What design features can help prevent comp stalls and surging.
Variable inlet guide/ stator vanes Multi-spool compressors Compressor bleeds
49
What are the 9 uses of oil in an aircraft?
Reduce friction Reduce wear Cleaning Minimise corrosion Cooling Heating (fuel heat exchanger) Hydraulic Fluid Chip detection Engine status (Oil T+P)
50
Fluid introduced between two load bearing surfaces is known as _____
LUBRICATION
51
What is hydrodynamic lubrication regime?
Relatively thick layer of oil between surfaces
52
What are the 3 lubrication regimes?
Hydrodynamic Boundary Mixed
53
What is Boundary layer lubrication?
Very thin layer of oil between surfaces. Often seen during start up conditions.
54
Components of the Engine Oil system (6)
Oil Tank Oil Pump Oil Cooler Filter Assembly Magnetic Chip detection Monitoring Instruments
55
What are the 2 key parameters we want to know about the engine oil system?
Temp and Pressure
56
Components of the Fuel system (7)
LP fuel cock Fuel cooled oil cooler Fuel filter HP fuel pump Throttle valve Fuel control unit HP shut-off valve
57
Everything upstream (before) the HP fuel pump is known as the ______ pressure part of the system
LOW pressure
58
Everything downstream (after) and inc. the HP fuel pump is known as the ______ pressure part of the system
HIGH pressure
59
List some uses of the air from the Air system
Engine cooling Blade cooling Air sealing Bleed air Anti-icing
60
Why is engine cooling required?
Internal temperatures are very high
61
What is used to cool the engine?
Combination of Air and Oil
62
Which blades typically require the most amount of cooling?
Turbine blades
63
How are blades in the engine cooled?
Through longitudinal holes in the internals of the blade structure Film cooling on leading and trailing edges of the blades
64
What info/data about the engine is typically provided to the pilots?
Eng Temp Eng Speed Torque Fuel Flow, T+P Oil T+P
65
Bleed air can be used for
Airframe anti-icing Cabin pressurisation Fuel tank pressurisation Pneumatic Services Air blown flight controls
66
Anti-icing air can be supplied to
Engine intakes Inlet guide vanes Inlet cone
67
Engine temperature is measured using ______
THERMOCOUPLES
68
What piece of equipment is used to measure engine speed?
Tacho-Generator
69
List some accessory systems driven by the gearbox (9)
Fuel Control Unit (FCU) HP Fuel Pump LP Fuel Pump Oil Pumps Scavenger Pumps Centrifugal breather Tacho-generator DC starter/generator Air Con Compressor
70
The frequency of the Tacho-Generator is ______ proportional to the speed of the engine.
DIRECTLY
71
Torque is measured by the ________
TORQUEMETER
72
Name the 4 types of fuel
AVGAS AVTUR AVTAG AVCAT
73
What 3 fuels include FSII?
AVTUR AVTAG AVCAT
74
Piston Engines use what fuel?
AVGAS
75
Turbine engines use what fuel?
AVTUR
76
At extreme low temps what fuel is used?
AVTAG
77
Naval aviation uses what type of fuel?
AVCAT
78
AVTAG is known as _____ fuel
“WIDE CUT”
79
List the 7 key terms associated with fuel
Density Specific Gravity Freezing point Fuel System Icing Indicator (FSII) Flash Point Volatility Viscosity
80
What is the FLASH POINT of a fuel?
Lowest temperature at which fuel begins to form combustible vapour
81
5 key properties of AVGAS
Anti-knock value Volatility Vapour locking tendency Stability Solvent and corrosion properties
82
7 key properties of AVTUR
Ease of flow under operating conditions Quick start of engines Complete combustion under ALL conditions High calorific value Non-corrosive Minimal fire hazard Lubrication of moving parts
83
The LP fuel cock _____ fuel from getting to the engine.
PREVENTS
84
The LP fuel pump is housed in the _______ ____
COLLECTOR TANK
85
The symbol for the jet pump is ….
two funnels + circle with internal cross
86
The symbol for the LP fuel pump is …
one funnel (at 12 oclock) of circle with internal cross
87
What devices are used to prevent the engine of an aerobatic aircraft being starved of fuel during aerobatic maneuvres?
Recuperator Tank Double Entry LP fuel pump Flop tube
88
The X-FEED cock allows ____ engine to be fed by ___ fuel tank
ANY engine ANY tank
89
The FUEL TRANSFER cock allows fuel tanks to be ______
REBALANCE/ EQUALIZED
90
If the FUEL FILTER is blocked. Will this stop the engine from operating?
No. There is the bypass valve.
91
What is used to get rid of fuel?
Fuel Jettison
92
What are the 3 typical warnings associated with fuel?
Low Level Pressure Filter
93
Fire protection is made up of two independent systems. These are
Fire and Overheat detection Fire extinguishing
94
The 3 most common sources of fire are
Fuel leaks in vicinity of hot equipment. Hot gas leaks, from engines or ducting, impairing on inflammable materials. Electrical or mech malfunctions in equipment
95
Symptoms of HALON poisoning
Itchy Throat - Streaming eyes
96
The function of the fire detection systems are to
Monitor designated areas for rise in temp Provide warning to the crew Complete electrical circuits to allow crews to activate safety measures
97
Thermal switches are placed in areas of the a/c where a ____ may arise
FIRE
98
____ ____ is made of Stainless Tube, Filling Material and Central Electrode.
FIRE WIRE (CONTINUOUS ELEMENT)
99
The FIRE BOTTLE system is what is known as a _ ___ system
2 SHOT
100
HALON fire extinguishers turn the fire triangle into a ___ ______, adding a 4th side by interrupting the ______ of a fire
FIRE TETRAHEDRON, adding a 4th side by interrupting the combustion of a fire
101
Name the 3 different Ice Detection Devices
Visual Ice Detector Differential static pressure Ice Detector Frequency monitor Ice Detector
102
Where does bleed air get drawn from within the engine to feed the ice protection system?
COMPRESSOR
103
When you select the bleed air, will the engine become hotter or colder?
Hotter as the engine will be working harder
104
List areas on the A/C which are sensitive to ice formation
Aerofoil surfaces Engine Intakes Engine Internal Surfaces Rotor blades and propellers Windscreens Control hinges and linkages Instrumentation probes and vanes Weapons and weapons carriers
105
Ice causes _____ to DECREASE because the engine will not perform as efficiently.
THRUST
106
Ice causes _____ to DECREASE because the shape of the wing changes with the build up of ice.
LIFT
107
Ice causes _____ to INCREASE because of the build up of ice disrupting the airflow across the wing, body and tail.
DRAG
108
Ice causes _____ to INCREASE because the ice adds to the overall mass of the aircraft.
WEIGHT
109
Ice protection system fall into 2 categories. These are:
ACTIVE or PASSIVE
110
Active Ice Protection is made up of ______
Anti-icing De-icing
111
List some methods of alerting crew to the risk of ice formation
Met forecasts External visible checks Ice accretion probes Flood lights Alerts and automatic systems
112
Describe the “Visual Ice Detector”
HEATED AEROFOIL ROD INSPECTION LAMP - For operating in darkness
113
Describe the “Differential static pressure Ice Detector”
Has a SERIES OF HOLES MEASURING PRESSURE. System monitors the pressure difference along the probe.
114
Describe the “Frequency monitor Ice Detector”
Measured using a VIBRATING ROD Utilises changes in the resonant freq of the probe which occurs with ice formation.
115
Engine anti-icing systems are an integral part of the engine and are _________ of the airframe anti-icing.
INDEPENDENT
116
How are windscreens protected against icing?
ELECTRICALLY HEATED WINDSCREEN
117
Ice, Snow and Slush deposits ____ be _____ prior to flight, by the ground crew.
MUST be REMOVED
118
Only following the removal of Ice, Snow and Slush deposits, should ______ _____ de-icing be applied.
CHEMICAL FLUID
119
Factors to be considered in the design of an aircraft are:
Stress Strain Stiffness Design Limit Load (DLL) Temperature Corrosion Natural/Environmental Hazards
120
Define Stress, Strain and Stiffness
Stress - Load per unit area of x-section Strain - Deformation caused by stress Stiffness - Ratio of stress over strain
121
What are the ideal properties of the materials used in aircraft construction? (4)
High strength and stiffness Lightness Low cost Ease of construction and production
122
List some of the different materials used in aircraft construction
Aluminium alloys Titanium alloys Magnesium alloys (rarely used) Steel Carbon Fibre Comp. (CFCs) Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Wood
123
Name the 3 different types of fuselage
Truss Monocoque Semi-monocoque
124
List some components in the mechanical structure of the fuselage
Bulkhead Stringers Longerons Vert/Diag Web Members Frames Skin (Semi-Mono) / Stressed Skin(Mono)
125
List some components in the mechanical structure of the wing
Stringer Spar (Front/Rear) Skin Ribs Honeycomb Sandwich Core
126
Wing loading forces are carried by the ….. (4)
Spars Stringers Ribs Skin
127
List the 3 different wing configurations inc. some benefits of each
High wing - Ease of cargo loading Mid-wing - Small radar cross section in modern ‘stealth’ a/c Low wing - shorter undercarriage, crash protection
128
What does the word ‘EMPENNAGE’ refer to?
TAIL SECTION of an aircraft
129
List the types of EMPENNAGE (5)
Tailplane and Fin (Prefect) All Flying Tailplane (C17/A400) Taileron (Tornado) Tailless (Vulcan) V tail (MQ-9 Reaper/Protector)
130
The forward flight controls of the Typhoon are known as _____
CANARDS
131
List some key design features influencing design of combat a/c
Powerplant Fuel and weapon carriage Undercarriage stowage Low-frontal area and x-section Stealth technology
132
List some key design features influencing design of transport a/c
Cabin length Cabin width Freight Vol Passenger and Weight distribution to maintain COG
133
Definition of stress
Load per unit area
134
Definition of strain
Deformation caused by stress
135
Definition of Stiffness
Ratio of stress over strain
136
Definition of DLL
Maximum load the designer would expect airframe to experience in service.
137
Ideal properties of aircraft materials
High Strength and Stiffness Lightness Low cost Ease of construction and production
138
3 types of fuselage
Truss Monocoque Semi-monocoque
139
5 parts that make up the wing structure R___ F___ S___ R___ S___ S___ S______
Ribs Front Spar Rear Spar Skin Stringer
140
Another name for tail section
EMPENNAGE
141
5 configs of tailplanes S______ A___ F______ T______ T______ T______ V _____
Standard All Flying Tailplane Taileron Tailless V Tail
142
Key points of each tailplane type
Standard. All Flying Tailplane. - Servo tabs used to aid in effective control of a/c trimming Taileron. Operate ind. providing pitch and roll. Tailless. Make use of ELEVONS. V Tail. V and H components producing pitch and yaw.
143
3 axis of an aircraft
Longitudinal Lateral Normal
144
3 axis of an aircraft
Longitudinal Lateral Normal
145
Types of Icing detection
Differential Visual Frequency
146
Engine anti-icing and airframe anti-icing systems operate i________ of each other
INDEPENDENTLY
147
Only following the removal of Ice, Snow and Slush deposits, should ______ _____ de-icing be applied.
CHEMICAL FLUID
148
Windshields are e_______ h_____ to prevent ice build up.
ELECTRICALLY HEATED
149
In addition to FIRE, the fire detection system can detect H___ and S____
FIRE, HEAT and SMOKE
150
What is a 2 shot system?
2 separate cylinders Independent but crossed linked
151
Where would you locate thermal switches in the aircraft?
As close to areas that have potential to produce fires.
152
____ ____ is made of Stainless Tube, Filling Material and Central Electrode.
FIRE WIRE
153
The two overarching systems associated with fire are…
Fire Detection Fire Extinguishing
154
The 3 most common sources of fire are
Fuel leaks in vicinity of hot equipment. Hot gas leaks, from engines or ducting, impairing on inflammable materials. Electrical or mech malfunctions in equipment
155
Most common fuel on gas engines
AVTUR
156
What does FSII stand for and what does it protect against?
Fuel System Icing Inhibitor Protects against icing and fuel fungus
157
Which fuel can be described as Wide Cut?
AVTAG
158
When do we use AVTAG ‘Wide Cut’ fuel?
Cold/Polar
159
AVTAG is a mix of ____ and ____
AVTUR and AVGAS
160
What is the purpose of the LP fuel cock?
Prevents fuel getting to the engine
161
Name 8 components that can form part of an airframe LP fuel system
Fuel tanks Fuel pumps LP cocks Transfer valves X-feed valves Jet pumps Dump valves Recuperator tank
162
What parameters can be displayed in the fuel instrumentation?
Pressure Flow Temp Quantity De-totalizer
163
What fuel is used on aircraft carriers?
AVCAT
164
What 2 fuels make up AVCAT?
AVTUR and Diesel
165
Why do we mix AVTUR and diesel in AVCAT?
Les volatile higher flashpoint
166
What is the function of the x-feed valve?
Allow any tank to feed any engine
167
What transformation does AVTUR go through as it starts to freeze?
It turns to waxy crystals
168
What is the name of the valve that we use to move fuel from one tank to another?
Fuel transfer valve
169
What is the definition of ‘Flashpoint’?
The lowest temp at which the fuel will start to produce a combustible vapour
170
If 160kg/0.8 SG = 200 ltrs How many litres would be required to give a 140kg fuel uplift?
140kg /0.8 = 175 ltrs
171
What are the fuel supply options available to ensure engines can continue to operate during aerobatic manoeuvres?
Recuperator Tank Double Entry LP fuel pump Flop tube
172
Which fuel is used on Piston engine aircraft and whatdoes 100LL refer to ?
AVGAS 100 Low Lead
173
Describe the gas turbine work ‘cycle’
Intake - Air drawn into compressor Compression - Inc T+P, dec Vol. Combustion - Fuel injected and burned. Inc T+Vol. Turbine - Work taken out of combustion gases to drive compressor. Exhaust - Expelled from rear of turbine (possibly giving thrust).
174
How would you describe an axial flow compression?
Expensive Small frontal area Large mass flowrates of air High compression ratio Multi-stage
175
What is the purpose of the turbine in a turbine fan for?
There to extract the maximum amount of energy from the combusted gases.
176
What do we use the oil system for?
Reduce friction Reduce wear Cleaning Minimise corrosion Cooling Heating (fuel heat exchanger) Hydraulic Fluid Chip detection Engine status (Oil T+P)
177
What are the 3 lubrication regimes?
Hydrodynamic Boundary Mixed
178
3 key components of the HP side of the fuel system.
HP fuel cock HP fuel pump HP FCU (fuel control unit)
179
What is one of the most popular things bleed air is used for?
Pressurisation and cabin conditioning (heating)
180
A filter is used to remove d____
DEBRIS
181
Turboprop the m_____ of energy is absorbed by the turbines
MAJORITY
182
A COMPLETE breakdown of air flow through the compressor is known as a s___.
SURGE
183
A PARTIAL breakdown of air flow through the compressor is known as a s___.
STALL
184
A Tacho-Generator measures ….
ENGINE SPEED
185
Purpose of an Oil Tank is to …
HOLD/STORE oil

MAGS (7 decks)

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