Airframe Flashcards
(357 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of a vortex generator?
A
It is designed to delay or prevent separation of the boundary layer.
2
Q
What are the three axes of a an airplane?
A
Longitudinal, lateral, and vertical.
3
Q
What are the three primary flight controls of an aircraft?
A
The ailerons, elevators, and rudder.
4
Q
Name several secondary flight controls and describe their general purpose?
A
Secondary flight controls consist of various types of trim tabs such as balance tabs, anti-servo tabs, and spring tabs. Their function is to assist the pilot in moving the controls and to trim the aircraft to fly hands-off.
5
Q
Name several types of auxiliary flight controls and describe their general purpose.
A
The auxiliary flight controls consist of various high-lift devices used during low-speed flight such as leading and trailing edge flaps, slats, slots, speed brakes, etc.
6
Q
What is a servo trim tab?
A
It is an auxiliary control, positioned by the movement of a primary control and designed to create aerodynamic forces to assist in moving a control surface.
7
Q
What is a spring tab?
A
It is an auxiliary control designed to aid the movement of a primary control at high speeds when control forces become too high.
8
Q
What is a balance trim tab?
A
It is an auxiliary control designed to create aerodynamic forces to assist in moving a control surface. The tab is positioned by a control rod connected to the fixed surface on the same side as the horn on the tab.
9
Q
What are four most common types of high lift devices?
A
Leading and trailing edge flaps, slats, and slots.
10
Q
Describe some of the tools used to check control surface travel?
A
A universal propeller protractor
Special control surface protractor
11
Q
Name three mechanical methods by which flight control systems may be actuated?
A
Cables
Push-pull rods
Torque tubes
12
Q
What is a fairlead?
A
It is a device to prevent a cable from rubbing on the aircraft structure.
13
Q
What are the most likely places for a control cable to wear or break?
A
Where the cables pass over pulleys or through fairleads.
14
Q
What information is required before a cable rigging chart can be used?
A
The ambient temperature and the cable size.
15
Q
What is the function of a cable tension regulator?
A
It automatically adjusts the cable tension to compensate for expansion and contraction in the aircraft structure.
16
Q
Describe the function of a rotorcraft collective pitch control.
A
The collective control causes each rotor blade to change its pitch angle by the same amount, thus increasing or decreasing the lift produced by the rotor.
17
Q
Describe the function of a rotorcraft cyclic pitch control.
A
The cyclic control tilts the main rotor disc by changing the pitch angle of each rotor blade during its cycle of rotation, which causes the helicopter to move in the direction the rotor tilts.
18
Q
What mechanism is most commonly used to compensate for the torque produced by the main rotor of a helicopter?
A
The tail (or anti-torque) rotor.
19
Q
How is the amount of thrust produced by the tail rotor controlled?
A
By moving the foot pedals.
20
Q
Why should a control surface be locked when an aircraft is parked?
A
To prevent damage from the wind.
21
Q
What is the major type of damage to aluminum structures that is caused by exposure to the weather?
A
Corrosion.
22
Q
Name several methods of forming sheet metal.
A
Bending or folding
Stretching
Shrinking
Bumping
Crimping
23
Q
What are the dimensions of a properly formed rivet head?
A
The head should be 1-1/2 times the shank diameter in width and 1/2 the shank diameter in height.
24
Q
Describe the marking found on the heads of A, B, D, AD, and DD rivets?
A
A rivets are plain
B rivets have a cross
D rivets have a raised dot
AD rivets have a dimple
DD rivets have a double dash
25
What happens to the stem of a self-plugging (friction lock) rivet when the rivet is installed?
The stem is pulled until it snaps off and the remaining projecting part is trimmed flush with the head.
26
Name at least three types of self-plugging mechanical lock rivets.
CherryMax
CherryLock
Olympic-Loc
HuckLok
27
What is the difference between the tools required to pull a CherryLock rivet and a CherryMax rivet?
CherryLock rivets require a tool for each different size and head shape, while one pulling tool will set and size a CherryMax rivet.
28
Which of the five stresses is the most common cause of rivet failure?
Shear
29
If a 2024 rivet must be replaced with a 2117 rivet, how do you determine the size to be used?
For 5/32" or smaller diameter, use the next larger size 2117 rivet, assuming that the edge distance and spacing meet the minimum requirements
30
Describe the process for determining the total length of a solid rivet for a particular installation.
Ad the grip length (thickness or the materials being joined) plus 1-1/2 times the rivet diameter.
31
What minimum edge distance and spacing should be used for a single row of protruding head rivets?
Not less than two rivet diameters from the edge and not less than three rivet diameters apart.
32
How can a mechanic determine whether to counterskink for a flush rivet should be dimpled or drilled?
By the thickness of the top sheet; thin sheets are dimpled while thick sheets may be countersunk.
33
What action is taken to prevent cracks from forming while dimpling magnesium or some hard sheet metals?
Hot dimpling equipment is used to preheat and soften the metal before the dimple is formed.
34
What type of damage can occur when using a rivet set that does not properly fit the rivet?
If the radius of the set is too small, the rivet head may be damaged, whereas a set with an over-sized radius may cause damage to the sheet metal.
35
Why is it important to use the proper size and weight bucking bar when performing sheet metal riveting?
If a bucking bar is too large or heavy it may be difficult to control and may be difficult to control and may cause damage to the surrounding structure, whereas a bucking bar that is too light will not properly upset the rivet before work hardening occurs.
36
What procedures should be followed to properly remove a solid-shank rivet?
Center punch the rivet and then drill just to the base of the rivet head with the same size or one size smaller drill. once drilled, use a pin punch to tip off the rivet head and drive the remaining shank out of the hole while supporting the surrounding metal.
37
What are the two special calculations that must be made bending sheet metal?
Bend allowance and setback.
38
What factors must be considered in order to determine setback?
The thickness of the metal and the bend radius.
39
What is done to a corner where two bends intersect to prevent cracking?
Relief holes are drilled in the corner.
40
What are the two reasons for installing a lightening hole in the sheet metal?
Lightening holes reduce the weight and increase stiffness.
41
Describe a joggle and explain its function.
A joggle is an offset formed at an intersection of two or more sheets of metal to allow the multiple sheets to be stacked flat against each other.
42
When repairing an all-metal aircraft, how do you determine what metal should be used?
Always used metal of the same type and thickness as the original structure.
43
What are three forms of wood commonly used in aircraft construction?
Solid
Laminated
Plywood
44
What type of wood should be used when splicing or reinforcing plywood webs?
The same type of plywood as originally used.
45
Name at least four different types of defects found in wood?
Knots
Checks
Splits
Pitch
Pockets
Cross grain
curly grain
Decay
Dry rot
46
Can a section of wood containing a hard knot be used?
Yes, within specified limits.
47
What type of glue may have been used in older wooded aircraft construction that requires careful inspection to detect deterioration?
Casein glue
48
What are the three types of glues used in moder aircraft construction and repair?
Resorcinol glue
Phenol-formaldehyde glue
Epoxy resin glue
49
Is compression wood acceptable for structural repairs?
No
50
Why should the various pieces of wood being joined be kept in the same room for at least 24 hours prior to joining?
To allow the moisture content to equalize, thereby minimizing dimensional changes in the wood.
51
Why is it important to consider the open-assembly time when gluing wooden structures?
If the maximum open-assembly time is exceeded, the joint may fail since the glue may begin setting up before the joint is assembled.
52
Why is it important to apply the proper clamping pressure to a glue joint?
Clamping forces air out of the joint, bring the wood surfaces together evenly and is, in part, responsible for the strength of the glue line.
53
Describe some of the methods used to apply pressure to glue joint.
Clamps
Nailing strips
Power presses
Brads
Nails
Small screws
54
What minimum curing temperature should be observed when joining wood with various adhesives?
70 degrees Fahrenheit or as specified by the glue manufacturer.
55
When inspecting wood structures, why might it be important to consider stains and discolored area?
Stains and discoloration usually accompany decay and/or rot.
56
Describe the acceptable methods used to repair elongated bolts holes found in wooden wing spar.
Remove the section containing the elongated holes and splice in a new section or replace the entire spar.
57
What type of joint is used to splice a solid or rectangular wood spar?
A scarf joint.
58
Where are splices to a wood spar prohibited?
Under an attachment fitting for the wing root, landing gear, engine mounts, lift or inter-plane strut.
59
What is the maximum number of splices allowed for any single spar?
Two
60
Describe the characteristics of a scarf joint.
The pieces to be joined are tapered or beveled on a slope of 1 to 10 or 1 to 12.
61
Why must the beveled cut be accurate on both pieces of wood being repaired with a scarfed joint?
The two pieces must match exactly to ensure a tight joint.
62
What are the two primary uses for plywood in aircraft construction?
Gusset (or reinforcing) plates and aircraft skin.
63
Provide examples of at least three types of plywood skin repairs.
Splayed patches, surface patches, plug patches, and scarfed patches.
64
What type of patch should be used to repair small holes in thin plywood skin if the skin is less than 1/10th inch thick?
A splayed patch may be used if the hole can be cleared out to a diameter of less than 15 thicknesses of the skin.
65
What should be done to prevent a plywood patch and the pressure plate from sticking together if glue is extruded from the joint?
Place a piece of waxed paper or vinyl plastic between the patch and the pressure plate.
66
Why are lightweight steel bushings sometimes used in wooden structures?
Bushings prevent the wood from being crushed when bolts are tightened.
67
What is the purpose of large surface area washers when used on wooden structures?
Large washers provide additional bearing area for hardware to help preclude damage to the wood when the hardware is tightened.
68
Name several facings and core materials used in bonded honeycomb structures intended for special applications.
Stainless steel
Titanium
Magnesium
Plywood
Glass
Nylon
Cotton
Cloth
69
Describe the construction of a bonded honeycomb structure.
It is a laminated structure that has a solid facing bonded to either side of a core consisting of open, six-sided cells.
70
What must be done with a damaged area in a bonded honeycomb structure prior to beginning repairs?
The damaged area must be completely removed.
71
A drill bit used for drilling composites should have an included angle of how many degrees?
135 degrees.
72
What are the most common causes for delamination of a composite structure?
Sonic vibration
Expansion of internal moisture
Liquid leakage
Manufacturing error
73
What type of defect in, or damage to, a bonded honeycomb structure can be repaired using the potted repair method?
Filling a hole.
74
Name some of the factors that cause crazing in transparent plastic windows and windshields?
Exposure to ultraviolet light
Stress
Solvents
Improper handling
75
How should a hole be drilled in plexiglass to avoid damage to the hole when the drill breaks through the underside?
Back up the plastic with a piece of wood and feed the drill slowly.
76
Name the three principle types of welding.
Gas welding
Electric arc welding
Electric resistance welding
77
What are some advantages of gas shielded arc welding?
The weld is stronger, more ductile, and more corrosion resistant.
78
Which method of welding is less likely to cause buckling or warping of thin metal sheets?
Electric arc or TIG welding
79
What is the purpose of shielding an arc weld with an inert gas?
The gas prevents atmospheric oxygen and/or nitrogen from contaminating the weld.
80
What is common method of controlling expansion when welding a joint?
Place tack welds along the length of the joint.
81
What is the effect of inadequate penetration on a weld?
The weld will be weak.
82
What is the purpose of the flux used with brazing and silver soldering?
The flux cleans the base metal by removing any oxide film.
83
What type of flame is used when torch brazing of silver soldering?
A neutral flame.
84
What must be done to a soldering iron tip to increase the amount of heat transferred from the tip to the work?
The tip must be clean of all contaminates and properly tinned.
85
What is the preferred method for welding aluminum?
TIG welding
86
What is the preferred method of welding magnesium?
TIG welding
87
What precautions must be observed in order to weld titanium?
All traces of oxygen and nitrogen must be kept away from the weld area
88
Describe one type of repair that could be made to a dented steel tube cluster joint.
A formed steel patch plate could be welded over the damaged area.
89
How can a soft flame be obtained without reducing the heat output of the torch?
Use a larger tip and adjust the gas pressure accordingly.
90
What factors determine the amount of heat delivered by a gas welding torch?
The size of the torch tip and the gas pressure.
91
When an oxyacetylene torch is extinguished, which valve is turned off first?
Turn off the acetylene gas valve first.
92
When a gas welding project is completed, what safety precautions should be accomplished?
All the valves are turned off the gas pressure are relieved.
93
What should be done to heat-treated aluminum part after welded repairs are completed?
The part must be re-heat treated.
94
Welding magnesium can create a serious safety hazard and what is the nature of this hazard?
Magnesium burns with a very hot flame that is very hard to extinguish.
95
What technique might be used to enable a tight fitting inner sleeve to be inserted into a tubular repair?
The inner tube could be chilled with dry ice or in a freezer while the outer tube could be heated slightly with a torch.
96
Aircraft covering fabrics are made of material from what two sources?
Organic and Synthetic
97
How would you determine the strength requirements for fabric used to re-cover an aircraft?
The fabric must be of at least the quality and strength of the fabric cued by the original manufacturer.
98
What two types of organic fibers are used for covering aircraft?
Cotton and linen.
99
What is meant by warp, weft, and bias?
Warp is the direction along the length of the fabric, weft is the direction across the fabric at right angles to the warp, and bias is a direction at a 45 degree angle to the warp and weft.
100
What identification marking is found on the selvage edge, and in which direction is the warp applied?
The FAA-PMA stamp is found on the selvage edge and the warp is applied parallel to the line of flight.
101
How are the fabric type and strength requirements determined for fabic-covered aircraft?
The original manufacturer determines the fabric type, and the strength requirements are a function of the never exceed speed and wing loading.
102
What types of synthetic fibers are used for covering aircraft?
Fiberglass and heat-shrinkable polyester fibers.
103
Which of the several types of fabric is unaffected by moisture and mildew?
Fiberglass
104
What is the function or purpose of reinforcing tape?
Reinforcing tape is used between the fabric and the rib stitching to prevent the lacing cord from cutting through the fabric.
105
Where would you use surface tape?
Over the rib stitching and sewed seams, over lapped edges, around corners, and along the leading and trailing edges.
106
How should the edges of drainage, inspection, and ventilation holes be reinforced?
With plastic, aluminum, or brass grommets.
107
What are the principle methods used to test the condition of fabric?
Punch testers and laboratory pull testing.
108
Fabric is considered unairworthy when it has deteriorated to what percentage of its original strength?
Less than 70%
109
How should a structure that will be covered with doped fabric be prepared following inspection and prior to covering?
Treat it with a protective coating of paint or varnish as appropriate.
110
What is the principal advantage of the envelope method for covering wings?
Almost all the seams are machine sewed by envelope supplier.
111
What is a tie-off knot?
A standard, modified seine knot used on all stitches except the starting stitch.
112
Name three common types of machine-sewed seams.
Plain overlap
Folded-fell
French-fell
113
Where are anti-tear strips used?
Under wing rib stitching when the never-exceed speed is greater than 250 mph.
114
How would you determine the correct spacing for stitching if the original spacing was unknown?
Consult the chart in AC 43.13-1B
115
Why is butyrate dope safer to used than nitrate dope?
It is much less flammable.
116
What are the two types of dope used for fabric finishes?
Nitrate and butyrate
117
What is the appearance of a blushing paint finish?
Chalky or cloudy
118
What finishing defect is the result of a paint room temperature that is too warm?
Pinholes and blisters
119
What causes dope to blush?
High humidity, moisture in the spay system, application over damp surface.
120
What factors cause spray paint sags and runs?
Inadequate surface preparation or paint sprayed on too thickly.
121
What components or parts of the airframe must be protected from damage when using paint stripper?
Windshields and windows, plastics, composites, synthetic rubber, and fabrics.
122
What is the functioncof zinc-chromate or wash primers?
Primers serve to inhibit corrosion and provide a good bond between the metal and the topcoats.
123
Name several common types of paint used on aircraft?
Zinc-chromate and wash primers
Synthetic enamels
Acrylic lacquer
Polyurethane
124
What is the proper thinner to use with zinc-chromate primer?
Toluene
125
What health and safety precautions must be observed when using the toxic solvents and thinners that are part of modern finishing systems?
Respirators and/or masks must be worn when spraying finishes.
126
If spay painting dust causes a surface to appear dry and rough, what are the most likely causes?
Too much air pressure or the spay gun is too far from the surface being painted.
127
What causes orange peel?
Spay pressure too high
Use of a thinner that dries too fast
Cold temperatures
Damp draft over the surface
128
What regulation governs the application of the registration numbers to aircraft registers in the United States?
Far part 45
129
Other than the appearance, what is another reason for touching up painted surfaces?
Reduction or elimination of general corrosion problems.
130
What references should be used to determine if a control surface must be checked and/or rebalanced after painting?
The manufacturers service manual
131
What would be the effect if dope was used over paint or enamel?
The dope tends to dissolve these materials.
132
What are the three most commonly used methods of applying paint?
Dipping
Brushing
Spraying
133
What is the effect on paint finishes if to much drier is added to the paint?
The paint film will be brittle and will crack and peel.
134
What paint system may be used with epoxy topcoats?
Any paint system in good condition.
135
What could cause an AC electric motor to run too fast?
Excessive current applied or shorted field windings.
136
What tool is used to check a motor or generator armature for shorts and opens under load conditions?
A growler
137
When using a growler, what indication occur when a short exists between an armature segment?
When a metal blade is held over the armature and a short exists in a segment, the blade with begin to vibrate and chatter.
138
How is the output voltage of an alternator controlled?
By varying the field current that excites the alternator.
139
What instruments are used to monitor electrical system loads?
Ammeters and voltmeters
140
How would you identify a specific wire in a wire bundle?
By the identification code marked on the wire.
141
What tool wold you use to determine the size of an unmarked wire?
A wire gauge.
142
What color are the navigation lights on the wingtips?
The left is red and the right is green.
143
Name several types of electrical devices that would be considered intermittent loads of an electrical system.
Landing gear
Cowl and wing flaps
Radio transmitters
144
Why would it be necessary to analyze an electrical system before increasing the load on the system?
To determine that the generator capacity, wire size, and protective device capacity will not be exceeded.
145
What factors should be considered when determining the size of a wire for a particular application?
They system voltage, permissible voltage drop, current to be carried, wire length, and whether the load is continuous or intermittent.
146
What is the relationship between the inside diameter of a conduit and the outside diameter of the wire bundle inside it?
The conduit must be 25% larger than the wire bundle.
147
What is the maximum number of terminal lugs that can be placed on a single terminal strip stud?
Four
148
What is the proper length for a bonded jumper?
As short as practical, but long enough to allow free movement of the component.
149
Under what conditions must a switch be derated from its nominal rating?
When used with inductive circuits with high in-rush current, and with DC motors.
150
At what point do electric motors draw the most current?
When starting.
151
Circuit breakers are designed to open before what condition occurs?
Before the wire emits smoke.
152
At what point in a circuit should the protective device be located?
As close to the power source as possible.
153
What type of circuit breaker may not be used in an aircraft?
An automatic resetting type.
154
What part of an aircraft is identified by a white navigation light?
The tail.
155
What would cause an AC electric motor to run too slowly?
Lack of lubrication
Defective wiring
Low applied voltage
156
What should be done when making bonding or grounding connections between dissimilar materials?
Use a suitable washer so that any corrosion will occur on the washer.
157
Prior to making a continuity check, what must be done to electrical circuit?
The power must be turned off.
158
What materials form the bases of the tree types of hydraulic fluids?
Vegetable
Mineral
Phosphate-ester
159
What colors denote mineral based and phosphate-ester hydraulic fluids?
Mineral based fluids are red and phosphate-ester based fluids are light purple
160
What are the results of exposing lacquers, oil-based paint, plastic resins, and vinyl compounds to phosphate-ester based hydraulic fluids?
The materials will be damaged and/or softened, or the paint will peel.
161
Name several sources used to develop hydraulic pressure.
Hand pumps
Engine-driven pumps
Electrically driven pumps
162
What would cause the bypass valve in a hydraulic filter to open and allow unfiltered fluid to circulate in the system?
A clogged filter element.
163
Describe several methods of pressurizing a hydraulic reservoir.
Engine bleed air, system pressure acting on a small piston in the reservoir, using variable displacement hydraulic pumps
164
What feature prevents engine damage if an engine-driven hydraulic pump seizes or is overloaded?
A shear section in the pump driveshaft will break, disconnecting the pump from the engine.
165
Describe the purpose of a pressure relief valve.
Pressure relief valves limit the maximum pressure produced by the pump, thereby preventing failures of the system components.
166
Engine-driven pumps deliver the output fluid in what two forms?
As a constant volume or a variable volume.
167
Describe the operation of a gear-type pump?
Two meshed gears, driven by a power source, rotate in a housing. Inlet fluid is carried around the outside of the gears and delivered to the outlet side as the gears rotate.
168
Describe how pressure regulators manage the output of the pump to maintain system pressure.
They allow the pump to be unloaded so it turns without significant resistance.
169
What is the device that is used in some systems to supplement the pump output during periods of high demand?
An accumulator
170
What are the three types of accumulators?
Piston
Diaphragm
Bladder
171
What safety precautions must be taken prior to dissembling an accumulator?
Release all of the air or preload.
172
When a hydraulic unit is replaced, what precautions should be taken to avoid contamination of the system?
All lines should be capped or plugged immediately after they are disconnected.
173
What types of components or systems are pneumatically operated in some aircraft?
Landing gear
Brakes
Flaps
and other mechanical actuators
174
Name several sources of pneumatic power?
Storage bottles
Engine bleed air
Engine-driven compressors
Vane-type pumps
175
What happens to excess pressure in a pneumatic system?
A relief valve vents it overboard.
176
What are the reasons for periodically purging a pneumatic system?
To remove moisture and contaminants.
177
What is the function of a restrictor in a pneumatic system?
To control the rate of flow of the airflow.
178
What is the purpose of a torque link on an oleo strut?
To keep the wheel in alignment and prevent the piston from coming out of the cylinder.
179
A landing gear shock strut should be inflated with what gas?
Nitrogen or dry air.
180
What conditions should a mechanic look for during a regular inspection of the exposed piston section of a landing gear?
Cleanliness, evidence of damage, and proper extension.
181
What prevents air from leaking out between the two halves of a split wheel assembly?
An O-ring
182
Why are fusible plugs installed on some aircraft wheels?
To release the pressure generated by heat built-up before a tire blows.
183
What safety precaution must be taken when removing a wheel from an axle or when disassembling a wheel?
Verify that the tire is completely deflated before removing a wheel from a axle or before wheel disassembly.
184
What are the visible signs of excess heating on a wheel bearing?
The bearing surface show discoloration.
185
How are the pilots nose wheel steering commands transmitted to the steering control unit of a large aircraft?
Steering signals may be transmitted mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically.
186
How is the nose wheel steering mechanism usually actuated on a small aircraft?
By means of a mechanical linkage connected to the rudder pedals.
187
What is the name of the unit that prevents a nose wheel from vibrating of oscillating?
A shimmy damper
188
What are the most common sources of power used to extend and retract landing gear?
Hydraulic pressure and electric motors.
189
At what times should a gear retraction check be performed?
During annual or other inspections.
190
What mechanism ensures that a nose wheel is not turned as it retracts into the wheelwell?
Internal centering cams in the strut or external track.
191
Name several types of brake actuating systems.
Independent master cylinders
Boosted brakes
Power controlled brakes
192
What is the function of an anti-skid system?
Anti-skid system allows large aircraft to achieve maximum braking effectiveness without allowing wheels to skid or lock.
193
What is the purpose of a debooster?
To reduce hydraulic system high pressure to a lower pressure for more satisfactory brake action.
194
Describe two methods of bleeding brakes.
A pressure pot can be attached to the bleeder valve and fluid forced back towards the master cylinder and/or reservoir, or the master cylinder can be used for forcing fluid from the reservoir to the brakes.
195
Before a brake system can be inspected for leaks, what action must be accomplished?
Pressure must be applied to the system.
196
What maintenance function has the greatest impact on tire service life?
Ensuring that the tires are properly inflated.
197
What effects does under-inflation have on aircraft tires?
Internal heat damage possibly leading to premature tire failure, and more tread wear on the shoulders than in the center.
198
What unit in an anti-skid system generates the anti-skid warning sginal?
The control unit.
199
How is a pilot alerted that an anti-skid system has automatically returned to a manual brake system?
By a warning light
200
What is the significance of an anti-skid warning?
The system is off or has failed.
201
By what usual means does the stall warning system in a small aircraft alert the pilot of an impending stall?
An audible alert and/or warning light.
202
What devices are used to provide warnings for a retractable landing gear system?
a horn or other aural device, and a red warning light or lights.
203
How can a pilot determine that the landing gear is down and locked?
A green light or lights and/or another type of visual indicator.
204
Name at least two conditions that would activate a takeoff configuration warning system in a jet transport aircraft.
Incorrect leading or trailing edge flap position, stabilizer position, or speed brake not stowed. The manufacturer may establish other conditions.
205
What landing gear positions must be indicated by regulations?
Down and locked and up and locked.
206
Under what conditions will a landing gear aural warning sound?
When the throttle is retarded and the landing gear is not down and locked.
207
How does a takeoff configuration warning differ from a landing gear warning?
Takeoff warnings are usually an intermittent horn while gear warnings are steady.
208
What is the function of a Mach airspeed warning system?
to alert the pilot that the never-exceed airspeed limit has been reached or exceeded.
209
What systems are commonly used to activate the landing gear warning system?
The throttles (thrust levers) and the wing flaps.
210
Why do airplanes with bleed air anti-icing of the wing leading edge have an anti-ice overheat light(s)?
To indicate an over-temperature condition, usually as the result of a break in the bleed air ducts.
211
What warning system may be required when a nickel-cadmium batter is installed in an aircraft?
A battery temperature monitoring system
212
At what time would a check of a landing gear warning system normally be made?
During a landing gear retraction test.
213
What is the purpose of an annunciator system?
To show, by means of a warning light, that some system parameter requires attention by the flight crew.
214
If an aircraft with retractable landing gear has only one green light to indicate the gear is down and locked, how will the switches be connected, in series or in parallel?
In series
215
Where would you locate the procedures for checking and adjusting the landing gear switches?
In the aircraft manufacturer's manual.
216
What is the usual means for alerting the crew of a jet transport that the cabin doors are not properly closed?
A warning light.
217
Why are transport category aircraft equipped with a master caution and warning system?
To alert the crew that a malfunction has occurred and corrective action may be required.
218
A static check may be performed on a manifold pressure gauge by using what information?
Current atmospheric pressure.
219
What aircraft instrument can be used to check a manifold pressure gauge for proper indication?
The sensitive altimeter.
220
Name several of the indication errors that may be found in altimeters.
Scale errors
Hysteresis
Friction
Installation
221
What is the signal source in an electrical resistance-type temperature indicating system?
A temperature bulb or sensing element.
222
What type of temperature sensing system is normally used to measure a turbine engine exhaust gas temperature?
A thermocouple-type system.
223
What operating parameter is indicated by a tachometer?
Engine RPM (i.e, crankshaft or turbine rotor speed)
224
What is the name of the effect that causes a gyro to respond to an applied force at a point 90 degrees further in the direction of rotation.
Gyroscopic precession
225
What are the three sources of power used to drive a gyroscopic turn indicator?
Air from a vacuum or pressure source, or an electric motor.
226
What are two items that should be considered during inspection of a magnetic compass?
1. The fluid must be clear. 2. The housing must be full with no bubbles. 3. The card must be legible and the lubber line intact. 4. The compass should be properly calibrated.
227
In what way do magnetic fields generated by electrical equipment and steel parts in the airplane affect a magnetic compass?
Stray magnetic fields deflect the compass from alignment with the earth's magnetic field.
228
Describe the basic operating concept of a synchro-type remote indicating system.
A remote transmitter electrically signals a receiver inside the instrument.
229
What aircraft instruments are connected to the pitot-static system?
The altimeter, vertical speed indicator, airspeed and Mach meter in high-performance jets.
230
Why should you avoid cleaning obstructions from the sensing holes in a pitot-static system with a tool?
The holes are aerodynamically critical.
231
After components in a pitot-static system have been replaced, what test or inspections are required?
The static system leak test specified by FAR 91.411.
232
What quantity is accurately measured by capacitance-type fuel quantity indicating system?
The mass of the fuel.
233
Who is authorized to apply the range marking to an instrument dial face?
The manufacturer or a certificated instrument repair station.
234
What is the purpose of a slippage mark on an instrument glass?
To indicate if the glass has moved, which could cause incorrect range markings on an instrument that has the range markings painted on the glass.
235
What references should be consulted to determine the proper range markings for aircraft instruments?
The aircraft maintenance manual, aircraft flight manual, Type Certificate Data Sheet or aircraft specifications.
236
What is the meaning of a yellow arc on an aircraft instrument?
A caution or limited flight operations range.
237
What is the reason for" swinging" a compass and how is it accomplished?
To compensate for deviations, caused by magnetic fields in the aircraft, by adjusting the compensating magnets.
238
What are the basic components of a radio communication system?
A microphone, transmitter, transmitting and receiving antennas, receiver, and speaker or headphones.
239
What frequency range is used by modern voice communications systems?
The VHF (very high frequency) band (118.0 to 136.975 MHz)
240
What does the term "ADF" stand for?
Airborne Direction Finding (Finder)
241
What is the function of VOR equipment?
Navigation
242
Name the components of a typical airborne VOR navigation system.
A receiver, antennas, frequency selector and a visual display indicator.
243
What does DME stand for?
Distance Measuring Equipment
244
At what interval must an ATC transponder system be certified?
Every 24 calendar months.
245
Why are two antennas usually required for an ILS system?
The localizer and glideslope signals are transmitted on different frequencies.
246
What information does the glideslope beam provide?
Vertical guidance to enable the aircraft to maintain the correct descent angle.
247
What is the power source for an ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter)?
An internal battery
248
Describe one method of monitoring the signal output during an ELT test?
Tune a communication receiver to 121.5 MHz
249
How would you determine if the batteries in an ELT are due for recharge or replacement?
By looking for an expiration date for recharge or replacement on the battery and/or in the aircraft maintenance records.
250
At what time(s) is a test of an installed ELT permitted?
During the first 5 minutes after the hour and for no more than 3 sweeps.
251
Where on the aircraft would you expect to find a DME antenna?
Generally, on the bottom of the fuselage in a location that isn't blocked by wing during turns.
252
Describe the shape and location of a transponder antenna.
Either a short blade or a short wire with a ball end located on the bottom of the fuselage.
253
Name the basic components of an autopilot system.
Gyros, servos, a controller, and an amplifier or computer.
254
What are the sensing elements of an auto system?
Attitude, directional, and turning gyros, and an altitude sensor.
255
What is the function of the servos in an autopilot system?
The servos actuate the flight controls.
256
What is the purpose of a bonding jumper from radio shock mount to the airframe?
To provide a low-impedance ground return.
257
Describe the procedure used to route coaxial cable from an antenna to a receiver.
The cable should be supported every two feet, bends should be 10 times the cable diameter, and it should be routed separately from other wires.
258
What controls the temperature in a thermal anti-icing system?
Hot and cold air are mixed.
259
What are the sources of heat for thermal anti-icing system?
Bleed air from the compressor section of a turbine engine, engine exhaust heat exchangers and combustion heaters.
260
What prevents overheating of the leading edges of a thermal anti-ice system operated by engine bleed air?
Overheat sensors signal the anti-icing valves to close and shut off the hot air.
261
What happens to the hot air used by a thermal anti-ice system after it has heated the surface?
The air is dumped (exhausted) overboard.
262
Why is it necessary to provide overheat protection for anti-ice systems that use turbine engine bleed air?
The air is hot enough to cause damage to the aircraft structure.
263
What are the effects of arcing on an electrically heated windshield?
Localized overheated and damage to the windshield.
264
Can the operation of an electrically heated pitot-tube be checked with the aircraft's ammeter, and if so, how?
Yes, turn the pitot heater on and observe the deflection of the ammeter needle.
265
Describe several potential problems associated with electrically heated windshields.
Arcing, delamination, scratches, and discoloration.
266
Why do some pneumatic deicer boot systems have an electrically operated timer?
To automatically cycle the boots, provide the proper rest time, and then recycle the boots.
267
What are the two common methods of inflating pneumatic deicer boots?
Bleed air from a turbine engine or the exhaust from an engine-driven vacuum pump.
268
What procedure is used to hold deicer boots flat with the airfoil surface during flight?
Suction is applied to the boots.
269
Why do some deicer boot systems incorporate an oil separator?
If a wet pump system is used, the oil must be removed before it reaches the boots because oil damages the rubber.
270
What methods are used to attach a deicer boot to the leading edges of the wing and tail surfaces?
Adhesives, fairing strips and screws, or a combination of both.
271
What important step should be taken prior to making a cold-patch repair to a deicer boot?
Consult the manufacturer's service manual and follow the repair instructions explicitly.
272
Describe the methods commonly used to remove rain from a windshield?
Windshield wipers, blast of air, or chemical rain repellent.
273
What power sources are used to operate windshield wipers?
Electricity or hydraulic pressure.
274
Name two problems associated with in-flight operation of aircraft windshield wipers.
Insufficient blade pressure caused by aerodynamic forces and failure to oscillates fast enough.
275
Describe the operation of a pneumatic rain removal system.
A high velocity air blast prevents the rain from reaching the surface of the windshield.
276
What are the effects of spraying rain repellent on a dry windshield?
It smears and streaks, which reduces visibility, and it is hard to remove when dry.
277
Where would you find information on the acceptable limits of windshield delamination?
In reference material provided by the manufacturer.
278
Is there any special requirement as to the type of oxygen used in an aircraft system, and if so, what is it?
Only aviator's breathing oxygen should be used.
279
Describe the operating principle of a continuous-flow oxygen system?
High-pressure oxygen flows from the storage cylinder to a pressure regulator where its pressure is reduced and then to the mask outlets whenever the system is turned on.
280
Describe the operating principle of a pressure-demand oxygen system?
Demand systems allow to flow from the cylinder to the regulator and then to the mask only when the user inhales. Pressure-demand systems provide oxygen to the mask at higher than atmospheric pressure when used at extremely high altitudes, forcing oxygen into the user's lungs.
281
What should be used to purge an oxygen system of moisture?
Oxygen, dry air, or dry nitrogen.
282
What action must be taken when an oxygen system has been open to the atmosphere?
The system must be purged of any moisture.
283
Describe the safety precautions that should be observed when servicing oxygen systems.
Aviod all contact with petroleum-based oil or grease, don't smoke, keep everything very clean, service systems outdoors if at all possibe, and keep the caps on the bottles to protect the valves.
284
What is a roots blower?
A type of engine-driven compressor.
285
Name two different types of independent cabin air compressors.
Positive-displacement and centrifugal.
286
What is the source of pressurization air most jet aircraft?
Engine bleed air.
287
What provides the principle means of controlling cabin pressure?
The outflow valve.
288
What unit regulates the position of an outflow valve?
The cabin pressure controller.
289
Name several methods used on reciprocating-engine aircraft for providing heated cabin air.
Exhaust shroud heat exchangers, combustion heaters, and electric heaters.
290
What is the function of the ventilating air in a combustion heater?
Ventilating air transport the heat from the heater into the cabin and prevents combustion gases from entering the cabin if the combustion chamber develops a crack.
291
What are the sources of ventilating air in a combustion heater?
Ram air in flight, blower on the ground, or possibly a compressor if the airplane is pressurized.
292
Name the basic components of an air-cycle cooling system.
The compressor and expansion turbine, heat exchangers, and various valves.
293
Describe the basic operating principles that allow air-cycle system to produce cool air.
Hot engine bleed air is cooled in the primary heat exchanger, compressed, then cooled again in the secondary heat exchanger. This air expanded across the turbine where energy is extracted, and the pressure is reduced. This produces a large temperature drop.
294
Describe the basic operating principles of a water separator.
Cool moist air is swirled so that water droplets are separated by centrifugal force, captured by sock, and drained.
295
Name the principal components of a vapor-cycle system.
A compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and an evaporator.
296
In what significant way is a vapor-cycle cooling system different from an air-cycle system?
Vapor-cycle systems use a refrigerant liquid, usually Freon.
297
Why is oil added to the refrigerant in a vapor-cycle air conditioning system?
To lubricate the compressor.
298
Why do some aircraft have fuel jettison systems?
To allow the crew to reduce the weight of the aircraft down to or below the maximum allowable landing weight.
299
Is there any reason why a fuel jettison system might be required on a small aircraft?
Yes, if the maximum takeoff weight exceeds the maximum allowable landing weight, a jettison system would be required.
300
What are some other names for a single-point fueling system?
An underwing or pressure fueling system.
301
Why do multi-engine airplanes have fuel crossfeed systems?
To allow any engine to draw fuel from any tank.
302
The fuel selector valve for a multi-engine aircraft must have at least three positions. What are they?
ON, OFF, and Crossfeed.
303
Why do some fuel tanks have internal baffles?
To resist fuel surging or sloshing caused by changes in the attitude of the aircraft.
304
What are the two types of fuel cells?
Integral or wet wing fuel cells, and bladder-type fuel cells.
305
What does the term "wet wing" mean?
It means that sealed portions of the aircraft wing structure form the fuel tank(s).
306
How is the weight of the fuel supported when bladder-type fuel cells are used?
The bladder is supported by the aircraft structure which contains it.
307
Why do turbine-engine aircraft have fuel temperature indicating systems?
To allow the crew to determine if the fuel is cold enough to produce a danger of the formation of ice crystals.
308
Name four types of fuel quantity gauging systems currently in use.
Sight gauges, mechanical, electric, and electronic gauges.
309
Why are electronic (capacitance-type) fuel quantity indicating systems more accurate than other types?
They measure the mass of the fuel instead of the volume.
310
What are drip gauges and sight gauges?
Underwing, bayonet-type fuel gauges.
311
What is the purpose of an in-transit light associated with an electrically operated fuel tank shutoff valve?
To provide an indication that the valve is in motion between one position and another.
312
For what reason is a fuel jettison system usually divided into two separate, independent systems, one for each wing?
To help maintain lateral stability by jettisoning fuel from a heavy wing if necessary.
313
What procedures should be followed regarding gaskets and seals when replacing fuel system components?
All old gaskets and seals should be replaced with new ones.
314
Is it possible for a fuel system to develop a leak that has no visible evidence such as a stain or spot, and if so, how?
An internal component such as a valve could develop a leak.
315
How is a fuel tank checked for leaks following a patch or welded repair?
The tank is slightly pressurized with air and the repaired area is leak-checked with a soap and water solution
316
Name some advantages of a single-point fueling system.
It reduces fueling time, reduces chances for contamination and fire, and eliminates damage to the aircraft skin.
317
Why should you wait for a period of time after fueling an aircraft before checking the fuel sumps?
To allow time for water and contaminants to settle to the drain point.
318
Briefly describe the components of a thermal switch fire detection system.
Temperature sensitive switches that complete a circuit at a specific temperature and trigger a warning.
319
Are thermal switches wired in series or parallel with each other?
Parallel
320
How are the detector units in a double-loop Fenwal system wired?
In parallel between two complete loops of wire.
321
In what way is a thermocouple fire warning system different from a thermal switch system?
Thermocouple systems are sensitive to the rate of temperature change, whereas thermal switch systems respond to a specific temperature value.
322
Briefly describe the components of a kidde continuous loop fire detection system.
A kidde system has an Inconel tube containing one or more wires embedded in a ceramic core whose resistance changes with temperature.
323
Briefly describe the components and operation of a Lindberg fire detection system.
A stainless steel tube contains an inert gas and a discrete material that absorbs some of the gas.When the tube heats up, some gas is released, raising the pressure in the tube, which activates a pressure switch.
324
Describe the process or mechanism by which a photoelectric smoke detector generates a warning of a possible fire.
Smoke partials refract light in the detector unit causing the photoelectric cell to conduct electricity and trigger the alarm.
325
How can the operation of a photoelectric smoke detector be tested?
By actuating a test switch.
326
Name two types of smoke detection systems used in aircraft.
Light refraction (photoelectric) types and ionization types.
327
What are the usual locations where a carbon monoxide detector would be installed
In an aircraft cockpit or cabin.
328
How does a carbon monoxide detector indicate the presence of this deadly gas?
The tan spot on the detector turns gray or black.
329
What are the possible effects of kinks and sharp bends in the sensing element(s) of a fire warning system?
False fire warnings caused by short circuits.
330
How is a Freon container checked for proper pressure?
A chart must be used to determine the maximum and minimum gauge pressure readings based on the ambient temperature.
331
Name the two basic types of fire extinguishing systems.
The conventional system and the high-rate discharge system
332
Name the extinguishing agent most commonly used conventional fire extinguishing systems.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
333
Name the extinguishing agent most commonly used by high-rate discharge fire extinguishing systems.
Halon (Halogenated hydrocarbon type agents), also known as Freon.
334
How are Freon bottles protected from excessively high temperatures and how can you say that this has occurred?
A thermal fuse (or blowout disk) will release the agent if the bottle temperature exceeds a certain limit. This blows out a red indicator disk.
335
What condition is indicated if the yellow disk is missing in a fire extinguishing system?
The system has been discharged normally.
336
Describe the mechanism by which a Freon bottle is discharged.
An electrical signal fires an explosive squib, which ruptures a frangible disk.
337
How is the service life of a discharge cartridge calculated?
From the date stamped on the cartridge by the manufacturer.
338
Where do you find the regulation that specifies the operations that make 100-hour inspections mandatory?
FAR Part 91
339
A certificated Airframe & Powerplant mechanic may sign off and approve the return to service following what type of inspection?
A 100-hour inspection.
340
Under what conditions may a mechanic perform an annual inspection and return the aircraft to service?
The mechanic must hold an Inspection Authorization.
341
What is the time frame within an annual inspection must be performed if such an inspection is required?
Within the preceding 12 calendar months.
342
Under what condition may any checklist be used as a guide for a 100-hour inspection?
The checklist must meet the minimum standards specified in FAR Part 43, Appendix D.
343
May an aircraft that is overdue for an annual inspection be flown to a place where the inspection can be performed.
Yes, provided a ferry (special flight) permit is obtained.
344
In order for an individual person to conduct a 100-hour inspection and approve the return to service, that person must have what type of certificate(s)?
A mechanic's certificate with both the airframe and powerplant ratings.
345
An aircraft is required by FAR 91.409 to have a 100-hour inspection. Is it legal to fly that airplane beyond the inspection requirement, and if so, for how long?
Yes, the aircraft may be operated for up to 10 hours, if required, to reach a place where the inspection can be accomplished.
346
An airplane is flown 4 hours over the 100-hour inspection limit to reach your maintenance facility. How do you account for those 4 hours?
The 4 hours are included in the nest 100-hour time-in-service period.
347
What types of operations require that aircraft operating under Part 91 must undergo 100-hour inspections?
Aircraft operated for compensation or hire, or used for flight instruction when provided by the flight instructor.
348
An aircraft under a progressive inspection program is operated for compensation or hire. Does it need a 100-hour inspection?
No, progressive inspections replace 100-hour inspections.
349
Who is authorized to supervise a progressive inspection?
Certificated A&P mechanics who hold an Inspection Authorization, certified repair stations, or the aircraft manufacturer.
350
When a progressive inspection program is discontinued, at what time is the next 100-hour inspection due?
100 hours after the last complete inspection of the progressive program.
351
An owner desires to use a progressive inspection program, to whom does the owner apply for authorization?
To the FAA Flight Standards District Office having jurisdiction over the area where the owner is located.
352
Is an engine run-up required as part of a 100-hour inspection and turbine powered aircraft?
Yes
353
Where would you locate the required items that must be recorded in the aircraft maintenance records following completion of a 100-hour inspection?
FAR Part 43
354
Where might you locate sample of the recommended statement for recording the approval for return to service of an aircraft following completion of an annual or 100-hour inspection?
FAR Part 43.11
355
Where would you look to find approved information for work on an aircraft electrical system?
In the manufacturer's maintenance manual or other instructions continued airworthiness.
356
What are the limitations placed on mechanics with regard to propellers?
Mechanics may not perform major repairs to, or alterations of, propellers.
357
After equipment is installed in accordance with an STC, who must approve the return to service?
An A & P mechanic who holds an inspection authorization.
