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EMT 221 > Airway Block > Flashcards

Airway Block Flashcards

1
Q

Minute alveolar ventilation formula

A

(Tidal volume - Dead space) x Respiratory rate

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2
Q

Upper Airway Structures

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx

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3
Q

Lower Airway Structures

A

Trachea
Lungs
Bronchial Tree
Alveoli

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4
Q

Airway Openings

A

Nose (Nasopharynx)
Mouth (Oropharynx)

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5
Q

Larynx (I C ET)

A

In the anterior neck
Contains vocal cords
ET tube passes through vocal cords

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6
Q

Trachea

A

Air passage from larynx to lungs

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7
Q

Carina

A

Ridge that separates opening of right and left bronchus

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8
Q

Bronchi

A

Branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi and bronchioles

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9
Q

Alveoli

A

Functional units where respiratory gas exchange takes place.
* Surrounded by fine capillaries
* Surfactant prevents the alveoli from collapsing

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10
Q

Mediastinum

A

Separate the lungs; include the heart, blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic tissue, and lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Surrounds both lungs

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12
Q

Primary function of lungs?

A

Respiration

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13
Q

Support Structures

A

Thoracic cage
Phrenic nerve
Mediastinum

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14
Q

Respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and environment

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15
Q

Oxygen

A

Essential nutrient

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16
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

By-product of energy production

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17
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Mechanical process of respiration

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18
Q

External Respiration

A

Transfer of O2 and CO2 between air and capillaries

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18
Q

Internal respiration

A

Transfer of O2 and CO2 between capillary cells and tissue cells

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Gas flows from higher pressure to lower pressure

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20
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Pressure of gas around us (varies with altitude)

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21
Q

Intrapulmonic pressure

A

Pressure of gas in alveoli

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22
Q

Intrathoracic pressure

A

Pressure in the thoracic cavity

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23
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Chest wall expands
Lung space increases
Pressure gradient between intrapulmonic and atmosphere results in gas flowing into lungs

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24
What happens during expiration?
Chest wall relaxes Lung space decreases Intrapulmonic pressure decreases Pressure gradient makes gas flow out
25
What moves the lungs?
Diaphragm, internal, and external intercostal muscles
26
Factors that increase work of breathing
Loss of surfactant Increase in airway resistance Decrease in pulmonary compliance Trauma or disease
27
Do pulmonary alveoli have a tendency to collapse?
Yes
28
Surfactant
Lipoproteins that reduce surface tension of pulmonary fluids
29
Nasal passages
Cause 50% of airway resistance during nasal breathing
30
Airway resistance
Decreases as bronchial tree continues to alveoli
31
Lung capacity
8 times a normal resting inhalation
32
Tidal volume
Volume inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath
33
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of gas that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration
34
Maximum lung volume (TIER)
Combined: * Tidal volume * Inspiratory reserve volume * Expiratory reserve volume * Residual volume
35
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of gas that can be forcibly exhaled after normal expiration
36
Inspiratory capacity (T+I)
Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume
37
Functional residual capacity (E+R)
Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume
38
Vital capacity (I+T+E)
Inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume
39
Minute volume
Amount of gas inhaled/exhaled in 1 minute
40
Combined partial pressure (Dalton's Law)
Total atmospheric pressure is exerted by all gases Partial pressure is a single gas
41
Pulmonary circulation
Respiratory system brings oxygen from gas to blood and removes CO2
42
Forms of oxygen in the blood
Can be physically dissolved or chemically bound to hemoglobin
43
Hemoglobin
Unload CO2 and absorb O2 60x faster than plasma * Degree of O2 combination increases when PO2 is 10-60 mmHg * Venous blood entering lungs has PO2 of 40 mmHg and HG saturation of 75%
44
Carbon dioxide in the blood
Transported in plasma, blood proteins, and bicarbonate ions (primary form) * Binds more readily to HG than O2 does
45
Hypoxemia
State of decreased arterial O2 content May lead to hypoxia
46
Hypovolemia
Decreases total blood circulating and therefore cellular O2 levels
47
Respiration regulation (mechanical)
Rate, depth, and pattern of breathing
48
Voluntary respiration
Voluntary hyperventilation or apnea
49
Medullary respiratory center
Stimulates inspiratory muscles * Inspiratory center active * Expiratory center stimulated by inspiratory activity
50
Hering-Breuer reflex
Prevents overinflation of lungs via vagus nerve
51
Pneumotaxic center
Active only in labored breathing Prevents overexpansion of lungs during rapid breathing
52
Apneustic center
Stimulates inspiratory center -constantly active during normal respiratory rates (can be overriden by pneumotaxic center)
53
Chemical respiration factors
Changes in O2 and CO2 pH of fluids * O2 is a small part
54
Outside respiration factors
Body temp Drugs/medications Pain/emotion Sleep
55
Modified respirations
Cough Sneeze Sigh Hiccups
56
Laryngeal spasm
Spasmatic closure of vocal cords
57
Laryngeal edema
Swelling of glottic and subglottic tissues
58
Fractured larynx
Motor vehicle crash common cause Vocal cords collapse in tracheal-laryngeal opening Cricothyrotomy may be required
59
Aspiration
Inhalation of non-gaseous substance into lungs
60
Aspiration risk factors
Diminished LOC Iatrogenic obstructions Mechanical disturbances of airway and GI tract
61
Pulsus paradoxus
Abnormal drop in systolic pressure during inspiration
62
Supplemental oxygen therapy
Administered only when clinically appropriate and indicated Can help manage a wide range of conditions Clinical goals: * Treat hypoxia * Decrease WOB * Decrease myocardial work
63
Liquid oxygen
Converts to gas when warmed Used when weight/space must be considered More expensive than pressurized O2
64
Nasal cannula
Maximum flow rate of 6L/min
65
Simple face mask
O2 of 35-60% at 6-10L/min
66
Partial rebreathing mask
O2 of 35-60% Allows some exhaled gas into reservoir bag
67
Nonrebreathing mask
O2 up to 95% No exhaled air bag into reservoir bag
68
Venturi mask
O2 24-50% Jet mixes atmospheric gases and O2
69
CPAP
Transmits positive pressure into airways Can be invasive or noninvasive Pressure of 5-7.5 cm * Pulmonary edema * Obstructive airway disease
70
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
Maintains positive pressure at end of exhalation Used for intubation and mechanical ventilation
71
Factors affecting bag-mask seal
Age over 55 years BMI greater than 26kg/m2 Absence of teeth Presence of beard History of snoring
72
Bag-mask device
O2 from 21 to nearly 100%
73
Automatic transport ventilators
Plastic control module connected to 50 psi gas source Can select tidal volumes and respiratory rates based on age Most provide flow rate of 40L/min * Contraindicated in patients under 5, who are awake, who have obstructed airway, or increased airway resistance
74
Suction devices
Fixed suction devices - powered by vacuum pumps or vacuum produced by vehicle engine manifold Portable suction - powered by oxygen or air, electrically or manually
75
Suction catheter complications
Hypoxemia secondary to decreased lung volume * May lead to cardiac rhythm disturbances and cardiac arrest Airway stimulation may increase arterial pressure and cardiac rhythm disturbances Coughing that may increase ICP with reduced blood flow Increased risk of herniation in patients with head injury Bradycardia from vagal stimulation Soft-tissue damage to respiratory tract
76
Gastric tubes
Nasogastric or orogastric
77
Complications of decompression
Discomfort Nausea/vomiting Interference with mask seals or airway visualization Nasal/esophageal/gastric trauma
78
Drugs used for sedation
Etomidate Ketamine Midazolam (Versed)
79
Drugs used for paralysis
Succinylcholine - depolarizing Vecuronium, Rocuronium - non-depolarizing
80
Six P's of RSI
Preparation Preoxygenation Pretreatment Paralysis Placement of tube Postintubation management

EMT 221 (2 decks)

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