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Airway Management Flashcards

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1
Q

How fast does brain tissue die without oxygen?

A

4-6 minutes

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2
Q

What is diffusion?

A

a process in which a gas moves from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration

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3
Q

What is inhalation?

A

the active, muscular part of breathing

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4
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the exchange of air between the lungs and environment

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5
Q

What does the UPPER airway consist of?

A

nose, mouth, jaw, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

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6
Q

What are the functions of the UPPER airway?

A

to warm, filter, and humidify air entering body

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7
Q

What does the pharynx consist of?

A

nasopharynx, orophaynx, and larynopharynx

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8
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

a leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that helps separate the digestive system from respiratory system

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9
Q

What is aspiration?

A

the action of drawing breath

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10
Q

What are in between each rib to assist with breathing?

A 
intercostal muscles
(only used in respiratory distress)
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11
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

A space between the lungs that is surrounded by tough connective tissue
Contains the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea, major bronchi, and nerves

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12
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

A nerve in the thorax that allows the diaphragm to contract

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13
Q

What is oxygenation?

A

the process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in bloodstream

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14
Q

What is respiration?

A

the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues of body

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15
Q

Veins carry ____ blood to the _____ .

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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16
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

the process of moving air into and out of the lungs

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17
Q

The diaphragm ___ during inhalation and ____ during exhalation.

A

The diaphragm contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation.

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18
Q

Do lungs have muscle tissue?

A

No

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19
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid (blood)

measured in mm Hg

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20
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

the air pressure outside the body

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21
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

the volume of air that reaches the alveoli

tidal volume - dead space air

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22
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

a measure of depth of breathing

amount of air in mL that is moved into or out of lungs during a SINGLE breath

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23
Q

What is dead space?

A

the portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and does not participate in gas exchange

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24
Q

What is minute ventilation (minute volume)?

A

the amount of air moved thur the lungs in 1 minute minus dead space
(tidal volume - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

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25
What is vital capacity?
the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs after breathing deeply
26
What is residual volume?
the air that remains after maximal expiration
27
What does it mean when "the airway is patent?"
airway is open and unobstructed
28
What is hypoxia?
an extremely dangerous condition in which the tissues and cells of body do not get enough oxygen
29
What is COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases)?
have higher levels of carbon dioxide | difficulty in eliminating carbon dioxide during exhalation
30
What is hypoxic drive?
secondary control of breathing | used by COPD patients
31
Early signs of hypoxia
restlessness, irritability, apprehension, fast heart rate (tachycardia), anxiety
32
Late signs of hypoxia
mental status changes, weak/thready pulse, cyanosis
33
What is dyspnea?
shortness of breath
34
What is metabolism (cellular respiration)?
process where cells take energy from nutrients thur a series of chemical processes
35
What is external respiration (pulmonary respiration)?
the process of breathing fresh air into respiratory system and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
36
What does fresh air consist of?
21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 0.3% carbon dioxide
37
What is a surfactant?
a combination of phospholipids that reduces surface tension within alveoli and keeps them expanded makes it easier for gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide
38
What is hemoglobin?
an iron-containing molecule that has a great affinity for oxygen molecules found in RBCs
39
What is internal respiration?
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic circulatory system and cells of body
40
What is aerobic metabolism?
a process that causes mitochondria of cells to convert glucose into energy in the presence of oxygen
41
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
energy produced from Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
42
What is anaerobic metabolism?
a process that allows lactic acid and other toxins to accumulate in the cell because aerobic metabolism cannot take place
43
What is glycolysis?
an intracellular process no oxygen required contributes to the production of ATP
44
What are chemoreceptors?
monitor levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, pH of cerebrospinal fluid
45
What is the normal resting minute ventilation?
6 L/min
46
How much of 6 L/min (normal resting minute ventilation) fills dead space?
1/3
47
What are intrinsic conditions?
infections, allergic reactions, unresponsiveness, tongue obstruction
48
What is the most common airway obstruction in unresponsive patients?
Tongue
49
What are indicators of tongue obstruction?
snoring respirations, position of head/neck
50
What is hypercarBia?
overall increase of carbon dioxide levels in bloodstream
51
What are extrinsic factors?
trauma, foreign body airway obstruction
52
What does carbon monoxide do to the body?
has a greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen | does not allow for proper transport of oxygen to tissues
53
What is intrapulmonary shunting?
a condition where blood entering the lungs from the right side of heart bypasses the alveoli and returns to left side of heart unoxygenated
54
What is hypovolemic shock?
an abnormal decrease in blood volume that causes inadequate oxygen delivery to body
55
Signs of normal breathing
``` 12 - 20 breaths/min (rate) regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation bilateral and clear lung sounds regular and equal chest expansion adequate depth/tidal volume ```
56
Normal Respiratory Rate: ADULTS
12 - 20 breaths/min
57
Normal Respiratory Rate: CHILDREN
15 - 30 breaths/min
58
Normal Respiratory Rate: INFANTS
25 - 50 breaths/min
59
What is labored breathing?
working hard to breathe | usage of accessory muscles
60
What are retractions?
skin pulling in around ribs during inspiration
61
What are agonal gasps?
occasional, gasping breaths | occurs after heart has stopped
62
What are Cheyn-Strokes respirations?
an irregular respiratory pattern in which patient breathes with an increasing rate and depth of respirations that is followed by a period of apnea, and then followed again by a pattern of increasing rate and depth of respiration
63
What is apnea?
lack of spontaneous breathing
64
What are ataxic respirations?
no identifiable pattern
65
What are Kussmaul respirations?
deep, gasping respirations | patients with metabolic acidois
66
What is pulse oximetry?
a tool that measures the percentage of hemoglobin saturation... on index or middle finger typically 98% - 100% does not work in cases of carbon monoxide
67
What is oxygen saturation (SaO2)?
the measure of percentage of hemoglobin molecules that are bound in aterial blood
68
When do you use the head tilt-chin lift maneuver?
for patients with no suspected trauma
69
When do you use the jaw-thrust maneuver?
for patients with suspected cervical spine injury
70
What and when do you use the oropharyngeal airway?
keeps tongue from blocking upper airway makes it easier to suction oropharynx unresponsive patients without gag reflex any apneic patient being ventilated with a bag-mask device measure from earlobe to corner of mouth use cross-finger technique insert with tip facing roof of mouth and rotate 90/180 degrees
71
What and when do you use the nasopharyngeal (nasal) airway?
patients with altered mental statue or seizure semiconscious or unconscious patients with gag reflex patients that cannot tolerate oropharyngeal airway measure from earlobe to tip of nose coat with water-soluble lubricant insert with curvature of nostril
72
What does gurgling mean?
the patient needs suctioning
73
When are tonsil-tip catheters used?
suctioning the oropharynx in adults preferred for children and infants rigid catheter
74
When are French or whistle-tip catheters used?
suctioning nose and back of mouth or stomas | soft, nonrigid catheter
75
What are stomas?
an opening thur skin that goes into an organ or another structure
76
How long do you suction adult patients?
15 seconds at a time
77
How long do you suction children patients?
10 seconds at a time
78
How long do you suction infant patients?
5 seconds at a time
79
What should you always do after suctioning?
ventilate patient
80
What is the pin-indexing system?
for portable oxygen cylinders | prevents an oxygen regulator from being connected to a carbon dioxide cylinder
81
Who is the American Standard System?
the safety system for large oxygen cylinders
82
Nonrebreathing mask (NRM)
flow rate: 10 - 15 L/min Oxygen delivered: 90% for patients breathing adequately or have hypoxia make sure bag is inflated before used on patient's face
83
Nasal cannula
flow rate: 1 - 6 L/min | Oxygen delivered: 24% - 44%
84
Bag-mask device with reservoir
flow rate: 15 L/min Oxygen delivered: 100% respiratory arrest, cardiopulmonary arrest, respiratory failure do in conjunction with oral/nasal airway
85
Mouth-to-mask device
flow rate: 15 L/min | Oxygen delivered: 55%
86
Ventilation Rates: ADULTS
1 breath per 5 - seconds
87
Ventilation Rates: CHILDREN
1 breath per 3 - 5 seconds
88
Ventilation Rates: INFANTS
1 breath per 3 - 5 seconds
89
What is cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate | amount of blood ejected by left ventricle in 1 minute
90
What is stroke volume?
the amount of blood ejected by ventricle in 1 cardiac cycle
91
What is hypoventilation?
breathing too slowly
92
What is hyperventilation?
breathing too fast
93
What is gastric distention?
inflation of stomach with air
94
What is CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)?
for patients with respiratory distress or obstructive sleep apnea
95
What is tracheostomy?
an opening at the center front and base of neck
96
What is laryngectomy?
surgical removal of larynx
97
What is wheezing?
the production of whistling sounds during respiration good air exchange indicative of mild lower airway obstruction encourage coughing
98
What is stridor?
a high pitched noise heard primarily on inspiration poor air exchange cyanosis indication of mild upper airway obstruction
99
Do you leave dentures in while providing ventilation?
Yes, it gives more structure to face... allows you to have a better mask seal

EMT (4 decks)

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