Alcohol Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
C-OH?
A
Methanol
2
Q
What percentgge of people are teetotal?
A
10%
3
Q
What is recommendedalcohol intake for women a week?
A
14-21 units
4
Q
Whast is recommended alcohol intake for men a week?
A
21-28 units
5
Q
What is defined as a heavy drinker?
A
Men drinking over 7 units a day
Women drinking over 5 units a day
6
Q
What is defined as ganerous consumption of alcohol per week?
A
Males over 50 units
Females over 35 units
7
Q
When thinking abotu the alcohol cost equation is debit or credit worse?
A
Debit is only 2 billion and credit is 7 billion!
8
Q
What social harm does alacohol play the largest part in?
A
- Fire deaths
- Suicides
- Head injuries
9
Q
What are safe levels to drink a day?
A
2-3 units if female
3-4 units if male
10
Q
What blood tests are abnormal in alcohol dependence?
A
GGT
CDT
MCV
11
Q
wHAT IS alcohol content expressed as?
A
Percentage alcohol by volume (%abv)
12
Q
What does 1ml of alcohol weigh?
A
0.79 grams
13
Q
What is volume of 1 pint?
A
568mls
14
Q
What is the equation for the amount of alcohol in grams?
A
Volume consumed (ml) x %abv x 0.79 (g/ml)
15
Q
What is the UK unit of alcohol?
A
10ml of alcohol
8g pure alcohol
16
Q
What is half a pint of weak beer 3.5%?
A
1 unit
17
Q
What is one small <100ml glass of wine 12%?
A
1 unit
18
Q
What is 28ml of spiri?
A
1 unit
19
Q
What accelerates the absoprtion of alcohol?
A
Gastric emptying: tolerance and gastrectomy
20
Q
What slows absorption of alcohol?
A
Food in stomach, drugs
21
Q
How much alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine?
A
20% from stomach
80% from small intestine
22
Q
What does rate of alcohol absorption depend on?
A
Rate of gastric emptying
Type of drink (strenght, effect of congeners)
23
Q
What is optimum strength of alcohol for absorption?
A
10-20%
24
Q
Name a drink which is absorbed quickly?
A
Champagne necause high conc and bubbles
25
Why is beer absorbed slowly?
Low conc, congeners
26
When is absorption complete by?
1 to 3 hours
27
What is the rate of elimination?
10-20 mg of alcohol/100mls of blood an hour
28
How do you work out the concentration at T hours?
Concentration at time 0 - (elimination rate x time)
29
Assuming 100% absorption and instant distribution, what is equation for Co?
weight alcohol consumed x 100.
Divided by body weight kg x W.F.
30
When can you detect breath alcohol?
1-2 hours after drinking
31
What is blood alcohol to breath alcohol ration?
2300:1
32
When does BAC more than VHAC occur?
During absorption
33
At equilibrium what is ratioj of vitreous humour to blood alcohol?
Blood alcohol is less than VHAC ratio of 0.8
34
Can you reliably predict BAC from VHAC?
No
35
What does VHAC corroborate?
PM BAC
36
When is UAC less than blood?
during absorption pahse
37
What does alcohol dissolve in?
Water
| Distributed via bloostream- taken up from blood by tissues in proportion to their water content
38
What has higher water contnet, muscle or fat?
Muscle
39
What does lean body mass =?
Weight x W.F.
40
What gives rough estimate of BAC after alcohol
| (assuming instantaneous 100% absorption)?
The Widmark equation
41
What is the widmark equation?
Co=(weight alcogol (g) x 100) / (body weight kg x W.F.)
42
What are mean values for W.F. in males and females?
```
Males = 0.68
Females = 0.55
```
43
IS volume of distribution greater in basketball player or obese man?
Basket ball player
44
What are conversion factors for body lfuids, urinary, breath and vitreous?
```
BAC = BrAC x 2.3
BAC = UAC x 0.75
BAC = VHAC x 0.8
```
45
What is legal breath limit for driving?
22 micrograms alcohol/100mls of breath
46
What is legal blood unit for driving?
50mg alcohol for 100ml of breath
47
What is urinary legal limit for driving?
67mg of alcohol/100mls of urine
48
Where is 90% of alcohol broken down?
In the liver
49
Where are small amounts of alcohol lost in ? 2-5%
Breaht
Sweat
Urine
50
What is average rate of elimination?
15mg/100mls/hr which is 1 unit an hour
51
What is alcoholic rate of elimination?
40mg/100mls/hr
52
What is elimination from breathy?
Equivalent to blood=
| 15/2.3 = 6.52 ug
53
What are the four stages of hepatic metabolism of alcohol?
1. Ethanol
2. Acetaldehyde
3. Acetate: CO2 and water
4. Uric acid, ketones, triglycerides
54
What level of alcohol gives you excitment: depression of higher inhibitory cortical function?
Less than 100mg
55
What level of alcohol gives confusion: depression of limbic system (memeory oreientation) and depression of cerebellum (coordinatin and speech)?
BAC 100-200
56
Whats level of alcoghol gives you stupor: depression of upper BS (RAS) and lower BS (breathing and vasomotor centres)?
Greater than 200
57
What does increasing BAC do to cerebral cortex?
Excitement and disinhibition
58
What does increasing BAC do to limbic system?
Memory, confusion and disoreintation
59
What does increasing BAC do to cerebellum?
In coordination and slurring
60
What does increasing BAC do to hypothalamus and pituitary?
Hypothermia
61
What does increasing BAC do to upper brain stem?
coma - RAS
62
What does increasing BAC do to medulla (ulower bs)?
Resp and vasomotor depression, death
63
What are some dangers of severe intoxication?
```
Hypotension (low bp)
Hypothermia
Inhalation of vomit
Haematemesis
Trauma
```
64
What might acute intoxication mimic?
```
Head injury
Neurological disease
Diabetic hypoglycaemia
Epilepsy & related states
Drug intoxication (often coexist)
```
65
What causes a hangover?
Toxic effects of alcohol metabolites and congeners on brain and GIT
66
what plaus a big part in hangover?
Hypoglycaemia
67
person who drives or attempts to drive or is in charge of a motor vehicle on a road or other public place after consuming so much alcohol that the proportion of it in the breath, blood or urine exceeds the prescribed limit, …shall be guilty of an offence
Road traffic act section 5 (1)
68
Driving, or being in charge, when under influence of drink or drugs
(1) A person who, when driving or attempting to drive a motor vehicle on a road or other public place, is unfit to drive through drink or drugs is guilty of an offence.
RTA section 4
69
At police station what are drivers who have been drinking requires to provide?
Either 2 evidential breath samples on CAMIC
or
Specimin of blood for analysis
70
When giving evidential breath samples what values are used?
Lower of two values
71
Who is an evidential blood specimin taken by?
Forensic physician with drivers consent
72
How is blood specimin analyised?
Gas chromatography
73
How much is deducted when analyising evidential blood specimens for lab error?
6mg %
74
When must evidential urine sample be taken?
Within 1 hour of incident
75
What must first be done when giving evidential urine sample?
Empty bladder, then collect next smallest volume which can be naturally voided
76
How is evidential urine sample analyed?
Gas chromatographt
77
What happnse if drivers fail to provide roadside screening breath sample, 2 evidential breath samples, blood or urine qhen required?
Constitutes an offence tantamount to D AND D
78
wHAT DRUGS affect driving?
Opiates
Cannabis
Diazepam
Stimulatnts
79
When is onset of alcohol withdrawal?
6-12 hours
80
When does alcohol withdrawal peak?
48 hours
81
How does alcohol affect GIT?
1. oesophagitis, MW tears,
2. Gastritis, duodenitis, peptic ulcers
3. Malabsorption
4. Diarrhoea
5. Pancreatitis
82
How does alcohol affect the liver?
1. Fatty change
2. Alcohol hepatitis
3. Cirrhosis
4. Liver failure: jaundice and clotting
5. Portal hypertension and oesophageal varices
6. Liver cancer
83
How does alcohol affect the CVS ?
Arrythmias
Cardiomyopathy
Wet beri beri
Hypertension
84
How does alcohol affect CNS?
1. Wernickes encephalopathy (disorientation and eye problems)
2. Korsakoffs syndrome (ST memory loss and confabulation)
3. cerebellar degeneration
4. cerebral atrophy (dementia)
5. Alcoholic hallucinosis
6. Peripheral neuropathy
85
What vitamin deficincies does alcohol cause?
Thia,ine vit B group and folate
86
Metabolic disturbances with alcohol?
1. Hypoglycaemia
2. Hyperlipidaemia
3. Hyperuricaemia
4. Potassium, magnesium, phosphate
5. Lactic acidosis
87
`Fatal alcohol level in non tolerant person/?
greater than 250mg
88
fatal level in alcoholics?
450MG
89
wHEN Might urinary alcohol concentration be greater than blood?
If death follows prolonged coma
90
Why is artefactual elevation of alcohol a problem?
PM alcohol redistribution
| PM microbial alcohol production
91
What is difference between central vessels and peripheral femoral vein?
Less than 400% difference
92
What favours PM microbial alcohol production?
Warmth, hyperglycaemia, septicaemia, abdo trauma
93
Give rthree features seen in hypothermia?
Pink discolouration
Stomach wischnewski ulcers
Urinary catecholamines
94
Can alcohol intoxicationw cause pneumonia?
Yes
95
What kind of arrythmia might alcohol cause death by?
Prolonged QT
96
wHAT ELECTROLYTET deficiency may cause death in alcoholics?
Magneisum
