Drugs Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What class are morphine, heroin and methadone?
A
Opiates
2
Q
What class are alcohol and barbiturates?
A
Depressants
3
Q
What class are amphetamines + cocaine?
A
Stimulants
4
Q
What class are LDS and mushrooms?
A
Hallucinogens
5
Q
An excessive or improper use of drugs, especially through self-administration for nonmedical purposes
A
Drug abuse
6
Q
A physical or psychologic state in which a person displays withdrawal symptoms if drug use is halted suddenly; can lead to addiction.
A
drug dependence
7
Q
Name 5 Class A drugs
A
Opiates Cocaine, crack LSD Inj amphetamines Magic mushrooms
8
Q
What is the penalty for dealing class A drugs?
A
Up to life
9
Q
What is the penalty for possessing class A drugs?
A
up to 7 years
10
Q
Name 5 class B drugs
A
Cannabis Oral amphetamines Ritalin Pholcodeine Mephedrone (bubbles)
11
Q
What is the penalty for dealing class B drugs?
A
Up to 14 years
12
Q
What is the penalty for possessing class B drugs?
A
Up to 5 years
13
Q
Name 4 class C drugs?
A
Tranquilisers - benzos
some painkillers - buprenorphine, DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE
GHB
Ketamine
14
Q
What is penalty for dealing class C drugs?
A
Up to 14 years
15
Q
What is penalty for possessing class C drugs?
A
Up to 2 years
16
Q
What act may define who may produce, possess, supply, prescribe and administer certain drugs?
A
Misuse of Drugs Regulations, 2001
17
Q
What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 prohibits LSD, cannabis, opium, ecstasy without H.O. license?
A
Schedule 1
18
Q
What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 involves controlled prescribing, custody and registers for heroim, methadone, cocaine, amphetamine?
A
Schedule 2
19
Q
What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 involves barbiturates and pentazocine?
A
Schedule 3
20
Q
What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 involves benzodiazepines?
A
Schedule 4
21
Q
What schedule of Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 involves those containing a small amount of CD, copraxomol and co-codamol?
A
Schedule 5
22
Q
What act controls the production and supply of drugs?
A
Medicines Act, 1968
23
Q
What do drugs of dependence have in common?
A
- An initial pleasurable effect
2. A rebound unpleasant effect on stopping
24
Q
Psychological dependence Neuro-adaptation Tolerance Physical dependence Withdrawal syndromes
A
Drug dependenec
25
Drugs cause false feelings of well-being: what do the ignore or bypass?
Survival needs: food, drink, friendship, sex and achievment
26
In Scotland what percentage of Scots use cocaine? highest in world
4%
27
In Scotland, what drug has ahd a 50% increase in 6 years?
Ecstasy (2.5%) use
28
What percentage of Scots smoke or inject heroin (3x world average)?
1.5%
29
What do users spend a year in Scotland on the habit?
£1.4 billion
30
What do users cost society in scotland?
£3.5 billion
31
What is drug crime rate in Scotland compared to world average?
6x higher
32
What percentage of excess mortality is due to drugs?
32% excess
33
How much more likely is a user likely to die than general population?
12x more likely
34
What is the commonest single drug in scotland causing deaths?
Heroin
35
90% of scottish users dieing are under what age?
45y
36
In the previous 6 months before a drug death, what do 40% have probels mwith?
Alcohol
Psychiatric 25% depression, 5% schizo
33% in conctact with drug treatment service
37
What percentage of drug related deaths have a recent life event before?
50%
38
What percentage of drug related deaths have prebviously suicide attempted, self harmed or sexual abuse (F>M)
25% Suicide
20% Self harm
10% Sexual abuse
39
What percentage of drug related deaths are hep C positive or have liver disease?
Hep C 10%
| Liver disease 5%
40
Where do 75% of drug related deaths ocur?
At home
41
What percwentage of drug relate ddeaths have someone in the vicinity?
66%
42
What attends in 80% of drug related deaths?
ambulance
43
How often is resus attempted in drug related deaths?
50% of cases
44
Wjat drugs are commonly cuilprits in drug related deaths?
Heroin implic/contrib in 59%
Methadone implic/contrib in 32%
Diazepam implic/contrib in 28%
Alcohol implic/contrib in 30%
45
What is the active compound in cannabis?
tetrahydrocannabinol THC
46
What is cannabis resin called?
Hash
47
What is cannabis oil?
Solvent extraction from resin
48
How can you sometimes catch a cannabis dealer?
They bite resin and leave tooth mark
49
What gives acute psychological effects of talkative, hilarity, well-being and confidence?
Cannabis
50
Give some acute physical effects of cannabis?
```
Dry mouth
Sometimes dilated pupils
Red eyes
Tachycardia
Hyeprtension
Postural hypotension
```
51
Name some chronic effects of cannabis?
```
Psychosis - schizo
Amotivational syndrokme
Reduced sperm count
Reduced fertility
Bronchitis and emphysema
Lung cancer
```
52
What drug is jellies, eggs and temazzies?
Tempazepam
53
What drug:
- sedatives, anxiolytics (tranquillisers)
- Replaced barbiturates
- Commonly abused
Benzodiazepines
54
Name some acute effects of benzodiazepines?
1. Relief of anxiety, relaxation
2. Impaired memory
3. Paradoxical aggression
4. Uncharacteristic criminal behaviour
5. Uncontrollable emotions
6. Potentiated by alcohol
7. Hangover
55
How long does it take to withdraw from benzodiazepines?
2-3 days
56
What class of drug:
- Synthetic stimulants
- Medical use in narcolepsy, psychiatry
- Illicit manufacture of tablets (powder)
- Rave culture
- Orally (snorted, smoked or injected)
Amphetamines
57
What drug is uppers, ‘A’, speed, whizz, sulph, cranks, wake-up, hearts?
Amphetamine
58
What drug is dex, dexy or dexies?
Dextroamphetamine
59
What drug is ICE, crystal, meth?
Methamphetamine
60
What drug is MDA or EVE?
Methylenedioxyamphetamine
61
What drug is MDMA, ADAM, Ecstasy, 'E' or doves?
3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
62
Give some acute psychological effects of amphetamines (clue: they are a stimulant)?
1. Euphoria, calm, peace and friendliness
2. Heightened awareness and concentration
3. Increased energy for dancing
4. Irritability, restlessness
5. Irrational behaviour and confusion
6. Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia
7. Psychosis
63
What do amphetamines do to pupils?
Brisk reflexes and dilated
64
What do amphetamines do to mouth and vision?
Dry mouth and blurred vision
65
Do amphetamine uesers teethgrind?
Yes
66
Give 5 acute adverse effects of amphetamines?
1. Arrythmia
2. Stroke, ICH, SAH
3. Hyperpyrexia - causing acute organ failure, body temp spirals
4. DIC
5. Acute paranoid psychosis
67
What drug causes these chronic adverse effects:
```
Aggression, fatigue & insomnia
Anorexia, malnutrition & weight loss
Diarrhoea & vomiting
Heart muscle damage (cardiomyopathy)
Chronic paranoid psychosis
Depression, schizophrenia
```
Amphetamines
68
What drug is known as bubbles, plant food or miaow?
Mephedrone
69
What drug is 4-methylMethCathinone MMCAT?
Mephedrone
70
What drug is derived from cathinon found in Khat plant of arabia or East africa - leaves chewed to ease fatigue?
Mephedrone
71
What form does synthetic mephedrne come in?
Crystalline powder - painful to snort
72
What class of drug is mephedrone?
B
73
```
What drug:
Euphoria & Energy rush
Mild stimulation
Similar to Ecstasy & Cocaine
Unpleasant come-down with sleep disturbance
Paranoia, Depression
SUICIDE- hangings
```
Mephedrone
74
```
What drug:
•Tachycardia, Hypertension
•Insomnia, Anorexia
•Chewing/grinding teeth (bruxism)
•Nystagmus
•Blue & cold extremities (vasoconstriction)
•Pains in the chest, throat and nose
•Nosebleeds when snorted
```
Mephedrone
75
What drug:
Naturally occurring stimulant
•Coca leaf from South America
•Illegal manufacture (leaf, paste, powder)
•Snorted, smoked, rubbed on, injected
•Powder heated with baking soda to make ‘crack’ which is smoked
Cocaine - craving is very powerful
76
```
What drug:
-Euphoria, well-being
•Formication (insects under skin)
•Irritability & confusion
•Hallucinations, paranoia, depression
```
Cocaine
77
What happens to pupils on cocaine?
Dilated
78
Chronic effects of what drug?
```
Chest pains, muscle spasm
•Weight loss
•Perforated nasal septum
•“Crack keratitis” of the eyes.
•Erosion of tooth enamel
•‘Crack callus’ of the fingers
•Male impotence, female orgasm problems
```
Cocaine
79
Withdrawal of what drug causes this:
```
Intense psychological craving
•Irritability, depression
•Muscle pains & tremor
•Hunger
•Exhaustion & prolonged sleep
```
cocaine
80
Where are cocaine and metabolites detectable in?
Blood, urine, nasal, hair, saliva
81
Whta does cocaine do to the heart?
1. Premature atherosclerosis, CAT, MI
2. Heart muscle damage: acute CBN (catecholamien stress) and chronic scarring (cardiomyopathy)
3. Fatal arrythmia
82
What does cocaine do to the brain?
1. Haemorrhage - intracerebral, SAH
| 2. Cerebral infarction - arterial spasm
83
- Semi-synthetic hallucinogen
| - Derived from lysergic acid, found in ergot fungus which grows on rye grains
LySergic acid Diethylamide LSD
84
How is LSD taken?
Orally- effects within 1 hr, peak 4hr and last 12 hr
85
What drug does tolerance but not dependence develiop in?
LSD
86
What do acute psychological effects of LSD rely on?
Mood and environment
87
Name 4 chronic effects of LSD?
1. tolerance but no dependence
2. abortion in pregnant woman
3. anxiety and psychosis
4. later flashbacks
88
```
Morphine
•Heroin
•Methadone
•Dipipanone, Pethidine
•Pentazocine, Buprenorphine
•Detropropoxyphene, Codeine, DHC
```
Opiates
89
What is opium a mixture of?
Alkaloids:
Morphine, noscapoine, codeine
90
3 medical uses of opiates?
1. Pain relief
2. Cough suppressants
3. Anti-diarrhoeal drugs
91
Whta two cokours can heroin powder be?
White or
| Brown- milky extract turned brown
92
Rush of euphoria
•Contentment
•Relief of anxiety
•Inability to concentrate
Acute psychological effects of what drug?
Opiate abuse
93
```
Acute physical effects of what drug
Constricted pupils
•Nausea & vomiting
•Suppression of cough reflex
•Decreased heart & breathing rate
•Unconsciousness, resp. arrest and death
–Naloxone (Narcan) may be necessary
•Fatal reaction to impurities
```
Opiate abuse
94
Chronic effects of what drug:
```
Tolerance
•Physical & psychological dependence
•Constipation
•Loss of libido
•Complications of i.v. injection
```
Opiate
95
Commences after 8-15 h
•Peaks at 36-48 h
•Subsides over 5-10 days
Opiate withdrawal or cold turkey
96
Whta re these signs of:
```
Dilated pupils
•Watering eyes (lacrimation), yawning
•Tachycardia, hypertension
•Cold clammy skin with goose flesh
•Loudly audible bowel sounds
•Nausea, vomiting & diarrhoea
```
cold turkey
97
What is dimorphine?
Heroin
98
Explain heroin metabolism?
1. Heroin = diacetylmorphine/diamorphine
2. 6-mono-acetyl morphine (6-MAM)
3. Morphine
4. Morphine-3-Glucuronide (inactive) or Morphine-6-Glucuronide (active)
99
Are older or younger heroind adicts more at risk of death?
OLder
100
Whta three drugs make up cocktail with heroin?
Diazepam, methadone, alcohol
101
What does IV abuse of oral pharmaceuticals do to lung and liver?
Granulomas
102
What happens to measured drug conc after PM?
aRTEFACTUAL ELEVATION
