Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nutrition > Alcohol And Non-nutritive Substances > Flashcards

Alcohol And Non-nutritive Substances Flashcards

(741 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the primary source of alcohol production?

A

Fermentation of carbohydrates

Alcohol has been produced from carbohydrates for thousands of years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How far back does the history of alcohol production date?

A

9,000 years ago

This indicates the long-standing human practice of fermentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the projected worldwide alcohol consumption per person for 2024?

A

5.5 L/person

This is a decrease from 6.4 L/person in 2016.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which regions have the highest alcohol consumption?

A

Eastern and Western Europe

These regions show significant variations in consumption levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do alcohol consumption levels differ between men and women?

A

Men are higher consumers than women

This trend is observed in many cultures worldwide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What percentage of people in the Middle East and North Africa have never consumed alcohol?

A

> 80%

This region has high abstinence rates compared to other areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was recently confirmed to be the earliest alcoholic beverage?

A

A mixed fermented drink of rice, honey, and hawthorn fruit and/or grape

This was discovered from residues in pottery in Northern regions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the alcohol consumption in Romania, Georgia, Czechia, and Latvia?

A

As high as 15 L/person

This equates to roughly 2 bottles of wine per person per week.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the alcohol consumption level in Western European countries like Germany, Austria, Poland, and Ireland?

A

Around 11.5 - 12 L/person

These countries are just behind Eastern European nations in consumption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which countries outside of Europe have high alcohol consumption levels?

A

Seychelles and Uganda

These countries are notable exceptions in a global context.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who was Bacchus in Roman mythology?

A

Bacchus was the Roman god of agriculture, wine, and fertility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What Greek god is equivalent to Bacchus?

A

Dionysus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Bacchus often depicted with?

A

Vines of grapes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the historical significance of alcohol?

A

Alcohol has been around for thousands of years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacchus is often seen with _______.

A

vines of grapes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or False: The percentage of alcohol in beverages was often known in ancient times.

A

False.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a common misconception about alcohol regulation in ancient times?

A

Alcohol was often not regulated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the primary grain used for making beer?

A

Barley

Barley is preferred because it has a high content of enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What process allows barley to be used in beer production?

A

Germination

This involves soaking the grain to allow it to sprout.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a secondary grain that can also be used in beer production?

A

Wheat

Wheat can be used in addition to malted barley.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary purpose of germinating barley is to convert starches into _______.

A

Sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or False: Wheat is the only grain used for making beer.

A

False

Barley is the primary grain, but wheat can also be used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are tannins?

A

Plant-derived polyphenols that contribute to the flavor and texture of wine.

Tannins are particularly prominent in red wine and can affect its bitterness and aging potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do tannins affect red wine?

A

They give red wine its body and can make it taste bitter.

Tannins are also a reason why younger wines may taste different compared to aged wines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What role do tannins play in wine aging?
They can change in character and impact the wine's flavor profile as it ages. ## Footnote Tannins often soften over time, contributing to a smoother taste in older wines.
26
Fill in the blank: Tannins are primarily found in _______.
red wine
27
True or False: Tannins are only present in red wine.
False ## Footnote While tannins are more concentrated in red wine, they can also be found in some white wines.
28
What characteristics do tannins provide to wine?
Flavor, texture, and body. ## Footnote Tannins are crucial for the overall sensory experience of wine.
29
What grains are used to make whiskey?
Barley, corn, rye, and wheat ## Footnote These grains may be malted to produce different varieties of whiskey.
30
What is the process of malting in whiskey production?
Steeping barley in water, germinating on malting floors, and drying ## Footnote This process activates enzymes that convert starch into sugar.
31
What is the purpose of turning barley regularly during the malting process?
To prevent a build-up of heat ## Footnote This is crucial for maintaining the quality of the germination.
32
What happens after 6 to 7 days of germination in whiskey production?
The barley is dried to halt the germination ## Footnote This dried malt is then ground into a coarse flour.
33
What is the name of the sweet, sugary liquid produced after mashing?
Wort ## Footnote The grains are processed into cattle feed after this stage.
34
What is added during fermentation to produce alcohol?
Yeast ## Footnote This step is crucial for the conversion of sugars into alcohol.
35
What process separates alcohol from water, yeast, and residues?
Distillation ## Footnote This is the final step in whiskey production.
36
Fill in the blank: The actual process of malting involves first _______ barley in water.
steeping
37
True or False: The malted barley is ground into a fine powder before mixing with hot water.
False ## Footnote It is ground into a coarse flour, not fine powder.
38
What is sake commonly referred to as?
Japanese rice wine ## Footnote Sake is a traditional alcoholic beverage in Japan.
39
What is the primary ingredient used to make sake?
Polished rice ## Footnote The bran is removed from the rice before fermentation.
40
How is the fermentation process of sake similar to that of beer?
Starch is converted into sugars which ferment into alcohol ## Footnote In contrast, wine fermentation involves fermenting sugar from grapes.
41
What is the alcohol content of commercial sake?
15% ## Footnote This percentage can vary depending on the type of sake.
42
Fill in the blank: Sake is made by fermenting _______.
polished rice
43
True or False: Sake is produced by fermenting grapes.
False ## Footnote Sake is made from rice, not grapes.
44
What process occurs in sake production that is similar to beer?
Conversion of starch into sugars ## Footnote This is a key step in the fermentation process.
45
What is the first step in the cider-making process?
Select some apples before pressing them and fermenting the juice slowly in barrels.
46
How long does the fermentation process typically last for cider?
Typically carried out over the winter.
47
In which season does the cider fermentation process usually result in a dry cider?
Early summer.
48
How long have people been making cider?
For thousands of years.
49
What is understood about the origins of cider making?
Apples were used to make a crude version of cider as early as 8906 BC in ancient European and Asian cultures.
50
What has improved over the years in cider making?
The art of cider making, although the basic principles remain the same.
51
Where is the majority of cider produced today?
In the UK.
52
What are the various types of cider produced?
* Dry * Medium * Sweet * Still * Sparkling
53
What is pear cider also known as?
Perry.
54
True or False: The basic principles of cider making have changed significantly over the years.
False.
55
Fill in the blank: Cider fermentation typically results in a _______ cider by early summer.
dry
56
What are some common methods for making cider at home?
Instructions and ways to make home brew kits or buy online.
57
What is the functional group characteristic of alcohols?
-OH ## Footnote The -OH group is responsible for the properties of alcohols.
58
What are the primary uses of alcohols?
Used as fuels, solvents, cosmetics ## Footnote Alcohols are highly flammable compounds.
59
What is the chemical formula for ethanol?
C2H5OH ## Footnote Ethanol is a common example of an alcohol.
60
True or False: Alcohols are non-flammable.
False ## Footnote Alcohols are highly flammable substances.
61
Fill in the blank: The presence of an _______ group in alcohols changes the chemical and physical properties of the molecule.
OH ## Footnote The hydroxyl group (-OH) is crucial for determining the characteristics of alcohols.
62
What type of compounds are alcohols classified as?
Organic compounds ## Footnote Alcohols fall under the category of organic chemistry.
63
What is ethanol?
The alcohol in beer, wine, and spirits ## Footnote Ethanol is the type of alcohol that is safe for consumption.
64
What is methanol commonly referred to as?
Wood alcohol ## Footnote Methanol acquired this name because it was primarily produced from the destructive distillation of wood.
65
What is the chemical structure of ethanol?
H-C-C-O-H ## Footnote Ethanol has two carbon atoms and one hydroxyl group.
66
What is the chemical structure of methanol?
H-C-O-H ## Footnote Methanol has one carbon atom and one hydroxyl group.
67
What are the consequences of methanol ingestion?
Blindness and death ## Footnote Methanol is poisonous; the body converts it to formaldehyde and formic acid.
68
How is methanol primarily produced today?
By hydrogenation of carbon monoxide ## Footnote This industrial process replaces the older method of distilling wood.
69
True or False: Methanol is safe for human consumption.
False ## Footnote Methanol is toxic and can lead to severe health issues.
70
Fill in the blank: Methanol is also known as _______.
wood alcohol
71
What is the primary use of alcohol as a solvent?
To dissolve substances not soluble in water such as perfumes and cosmetics ## Footnote Alcohol serves as a versatile solvent in various industries.
72
What are the byproducts of burning alcohol?
Carbon dioxide and water ## Footnote This process is a common reaction for many types of alcohol.
73
What is one of the uses of glycerol in the food industry?
As a sweetener ## Footnote Glycerol is also known for its humectant properties.
74
Fill in the blank: Alcohol is more than _______.
ethanol
75
What type of fuel is mentioned in relation to alcohol?
Methanol ## Footnote Methanol is often used as a fuel in certain applications.
76
What is a nutrient?
A substance that an organism must obtain from its surroundings for growth and sustenance of life. ## Footnote Nutrients are essential for living organisms and include both essential and nonessential types.
77
What are nonessential nutrients?
Nutrients that can be synthesized by the cell if they are absent from the food. ## Footnote Nonessential nutrients are still important for various biological functions despite being synthesized by the organism.
78
List the roles of nutrients in living organisms.
* Provide energy * Serve as building blocks for repair and growth * Regulate chemical processes ## Footnote These roles are critical for maintaining life and health.
79
True or False: Nutrients are only required for growth.
False ## Footnote Nutrients are also necessary for energy provision and regulation of chemical processes.
80
Fill in the blank: Nutrients are compounds in foods essential to life and health, providing us with _______.
[energy, building blocks for repair and growth, substances necessary to regulate chemical processes]
81
What is the energy content of alcohol?
7 kcal/g ## Footnote Determined by calorimetry methods in the body by Atwater & Fienedict
82
Does alcohol have any nutritional value?
No other nutritional value
83
Is alcohol an essential nutrient?
No, it has no necessary function and is not essential
84
Does the body store alcohol?
No storage
85
What are the dangers associated with alcohol consumption?
Dangers of overconsumption and window of safety
86
Is alcohol part of the diet for many people?
Certainly, part of the diet for many people
87
What are the natural sources of yeast cells?
Fruit and honey ## Footnote Yeast cells are naturally occurring microorganisms found in these sources.
88
What sugars can yeast metabolize to produce ethanol?
Glucose and fructose ## Footnote These sugars are commonly found in fruits and honey.
89
Do yeasts require oxygen for growth?
Yes ## Footnote Yeasts need oxygen for their growth but can perform fermentation without it.
90
What type of process is fermentation?
Anaerobic process ## Footnote Fermentation occurs without the presence of oxygen.
91
What is the chemical formula for Ethanol?
C2H5OH ## Footnote Ethanol is commonly known as alcohol.
92
What are the products of the reaction involving Ethanol and NAD+?
2C-MOM, 2CO2, 2ATP, 24H2O ## Footnote This reaction is part of the metabolic pathway.
93
Fill in the blank: Ethanol is converted into _______ during fermentation.
ethanal
94
What is the role of NAD+ in the reaction with Ethanol?
It acts as an electron acceptor.
95
True or False: Ethanol is a product of anaerobic respiration.
True
96
What is the significance of ATP in the reaction involving Ethanol?
It provides energy for cellular processes.
97
List the components produced in the reaction with Ethanol.
* 2C-MOM * 2CO2 * 2ATP * 24H2O
98
Fill in the blank: Ethanol can be represented by the structural formula _______.
H-C-C-O-H
99
What is the process called when Ethanol is broken down in the body?
Metabolism
100
What type of reaction occurs when Ethanol is oxidized?
Dehydrogenation
101
True or False: Ethanol is a simple alcohol.
True
102
What does ABV stand for?
Alcohol by Volume
103
What is the minimum alcohol strength that must be labeled on alcoholic beverages?
1.2%
104
What format must the alcohol strength be labeled in for beverages above 1.2%?
X% vol
105
What is considered 'alcohol-free' in terms of ABV?
0.05% ABV
106
True or False: All alcoholic beverages must include their alcohol strength on the label.
True
107
Fill in the blank: Any alcoholic beverage with an alcohol strength above ______ must contain information regarding its strength on the label.
1.2%
108
What is the maximum decimal place allowed when labeling the strength of an alcoholic beverage?
One decimal place
109
What does the term 'low alcohol' refer to in terms of ABV?
<1.2%
110
According to the Food Standards Agency, what must be marked on any type of alcoholic beverage?
Alcohol strength
111
What regulations incorporate the labeling of alcohol strength?
Food information for consumers regulations
112
What must drink labels show by law?
The strength of alcohol present
113
How is the alcohol content of a beverage calculated?
From its percentage Alcohol by volume (% ABV)
114
What formula is used to calculate grams of alcohol from % ABV?
% ABV × 0.79 = g alcohol / 100 mL
115
If a beverage has a 10% ABV, how many grams of alcohol are in 100 mL?
7.9 g of alcohol
116
Fill in the blank: The formula to calculate grams of alcohol is % ABV × _______.
0.79
117
True or False: The specific gravity of alcohol is not considered when calculating grams of alcohol.
False
118
What is the typical alcohol content range for beer?
<5%, sometimes higher ## Footnote Craft beers can have alcohol content as high as 8%
119
What is the typical alcohol content range for wine?
8-14% ## Footnote This range can vary based on the type of wine
120
What is the typical alcohol content range for spirits?
35-45% ## Footnote Spirits include liquors like whiskey, vodka, and rum
121
Fill in the blank: Craft beers can now be as high as _______.
8%.
122
What is the volume of a 'unit' of alcohol in lager beer?
1/2 pint (284 ml)
123
What is the volume of a 'unit' of alcohol in strong lager beer?
1/4 pint (142 ml)
124
What is the volume of a 'unit' of alcohol in table wine?
125 ml
125
What is the volume of a 'unit' of alcohol in fortified wine?
50 ml
126
What is the volume of a 'unit' of alcohol in spirits?
25 ml
127
How much absolute alcohol is approximately equivalent to one unit of alcohol?
10 ml or 8g
128
What is the alcohol unit in a glass of red, white, or rosé wine (ABV 13%)?
1.6 units ## Footnote This refers to a typical serving size of wine.
129
How many alcohol units are in a beer, lager, or cider?
1.8 units ## Footnote This is an average value and can vary by type.
130
What is the total alcohol unit content in a 750mL bottle of red, white, or rosé wine (ABV 13.5%)?
10 units ## Footnote This is a standard measure for a full bottle of wine.
131
What is the recommended maximum alcohol consumption for men and women in one week?
14 units ## Footnote This guideline is set to promote responsible drinking.
132
What is the recommendation for spreading the consumption of 14 units?
Spread drinking over 3 days ## Footnote This helps to minimize health risks associated with heavy drinking.
133
How many units are in a 750mL bottle of wine?
10 units ## Footnote This is consistent with the earlier mentioned alcohol content for wine.
134
How many units are typically found in other drinks?
1 unit ## Footnote This is a general reference and may vary based on the specific drink.
135
What is the alcohol unit content in a drink with 4.5 units?
Not specified ## Footnote This value was mentioned in the context of unspecified drinks.
136
What is the alcohol unit content in a drink with 3.3 units?
3.3 units ## Footnote This value was also mentioned without specific drink reference.
137
What is the alcohol unit content in a drink with 3.5 units?
3.5 units ## Footnote Similar to the previous cards, this is an unspecified drink measurement.
138
True or False: A 1.5 unit drink is considered a standard measurement.
True ## Footnote This indicates that 1.5 units are common in certain beverages.
139
What is the daily alcohol limit for women in the UK?
3 units ## Footnote Units refer to standard measures of alcohol consumption.
140
What is the daily alcohol limit for men in Australia and New Zealand?
10g ## Footnote The limit is based on standard drink measures in both countries.
141
What is the daily alcohol limit in the USA?
12 g ## Footnote This limit is defined by health guidelines for alcohol consumption.
142
What is the daily alcohol limit in Japan?
14 g ## Footnote Japan's limit reflects its cultural approach to alcohol consumption.
143
What is the daily alcohol limit in France?
3 units ## Footnote This limit is consistent with recommendations for moderate drinking.
144
Fill in the blank: The daily alcohol limit in Spain is _______.
3 units ## Footnote Spain emphasizes moderation in alcohol consumption.
145
What is the daily alcohol limit in the Netherlands?
4.6 units ## Footnote This figure represents a higher tolerance for alcohol intake.
146
What is the daily alcohol limit in Sweden?
3.75 units ## Footnote Sweden's limit aligns with health recommendations for safe drinking.
147
What is the daily alcohol limit in Canada?
2.5 units ## Footnote Canada promotes lower alcohol consumption for health reasons.
148
What is the daily alcohol limit in New Zealand?
4 units ## Footnote New Zealand's limit reflects its public health guidelines.
149
How do you calculate the units of alcohol in a drink?
The formula is (% ABV x Quantity of drink (ml)) / 1000.
150
What is the unit calculation for a 330ml bottle of 5% ABV lager?
1.65 UNITS.
151
Fill in the blank: To calculate the units more precisely, use the formula _______.
% ABV x Quantity of drink (ml) / 1000.
152
True or False: A 330ml bottle of lager with 5% ABV contains 1.65 units of alcohol.
True.
153
What is the recommended limit for alcohol consumption per week for both men and women?
No more than 14 units per week
154
How should the 14 units of alcohol be distributed throughout the week?
Spread over 3 or more days with a few days alcohol-free
155
True or False: The guidelines suggest that individuals should have two alcohol-free days after a heavy drinking session.
True
156
What reflective question is posed regarding the use of the term 'unit' in alcohol consumption?
Does the way of using UNIT accurately reflect how much we drink?
157
Why were weekly guidelines chosen for alcohol consumption recommendations?
To provide an easier benchmark for people and reflect societal drinking habits
158
Fill in the blank: Long-term alcohol health risks are generally higher for ______ than men.
[women]
159
What is the significance of having the same low-risk level for men and women in alcohol consumption guidelines?
It addresses the different health risks associated with alcohol consumption
160
What does the guideline suggest about daily drinking habits?
Not everyone drinks every day; some only drink on weekends or certain evenings
161
What is the reason for the new alcohol guidelines in the UK?
The old unit guidelines have not been reviewed since 1995.
162
What have the UK Chief Medical Officers found during their review of alcohol guidelines?
There is significant new evidence on effects of alcohol that was not available at the time.
163
What specific risk associated with alcohol consumption has stronger evidence been found?
The risk of cancers, especially breast cancer, increases directly in-line with consumption of alcohol.
164
What can help people who wish to drink less alcohol?
Having some alcohol free days each week.
165
What are some short-term harms associated with alcohol consumption?
Head injuries, fractures, facial injuries, scarring, and alcohol poisoning.
166
Fill in the blank: The old unit guidelines for alcohol have not been reviewed since _______.
1995
167
True or False: The new alcohol guidelines are based on outdated evidence.
False
168
What type of cancer is particularly mentioned in relation to alcohol consumption?
Breast cancer
169
Where are small amounts of alcohol absorbed?
Mouth and esophagus ## Footnote Small amounts of alcohol can be absorbed in the mouth and esophagus before reaching the stomach.
170
What effect does food have on alcohol absorption?
Dilutes alcohol and delays gastric emptying ## Footnote Food in the stomach can slow down the absorption of alcohol by diluting it and delaying the process of gastric emptying.
171
What is the primary site of alcohol absorption?
Upper small intestine ## Footnote The upper small intestine is where the majority of alcohol absorption occurs after it has passed through the stomach.
172
Does alcohol require digestion before absorption?
No ## Footnote Alcohol is unique in that it does not require digestion and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
173
Fill in the blank: Alcohol is absorbed from the _______.
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine ## Footnote Alcohol can be absorbed at various points in the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
174
What happens to alcohol absorption when food is present?
Slowed ## Footnote The presence of food in the stomach slows down the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream.
175
How does food affect stomach emptying?
Food helps in a few ways: * Fat delays emptying of stomach into SI * Allows stomach enzymes longer to work * Food dilutes the contents ## Footnote SI refers to the small intestine.
176
What role does fat play in the digestive process?
Fat delays emptying of stomach into SI, allowing stomach enzymes longer to work ## Footnote This can enhance the efficiency of digestion.
177
Fill in the blank: Food _______ the contents in the stomach.
dilutes ## Footnote This dilution can impact digestion and absorption.
178
True or False: Food has no effect on the stomach's emptying process.
False ## Footnote Food significantly affects how quickly the stomach empties.
179
What percentage of alcohol is absorbed unchanged?
80-95% unchanged
180
What enzyme oxidizes some alcohol in the stomach?
Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)
181
Where does alcohol travel after diffusing into gut cells?
To the liver via portal vein
182
What is the toxic product produced from alcohol metabolism?
Acetylaldehyde
183
When alcohol metabolism goes well, what are the two outcomes?
* Energy produced * Damage controlled
184
Fill in the blank: Alcohol is absorbed _______ into gut cells.
185
True or False: Acetylaldehyde is a non-toxic product of alcohol metabolism.
False
186
When are peak blood alcohol levels attained after consumption?
30-45 minutes after consumption ## Footnote This time frame refers to the period before metabolism begins to significantly alter blood alcohol concentration.
187
What happens if blood alcohol levels exceed 100 mg per 100 mL of blood?
Judgement and coordination are impaired ## Footnote High blood alcohol levels can lead to significant impairments in cognitive and motor functions.
188
Where is most alcohol metabolised in the body?
In the liver ## Footnote The liver is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of alcohol.
189
What percentage of alcohol is excreted in urine and breath?
2-10% ## Footnote This indicates that while most alcohol is metabolised, a small fraction is eliminated unchanged.
190
What takes priority over the metabolism of other macronutrients?
Alcohol breakdown ## Footnote The body prioritizes the metabolism of alcohol due to its toxic effects.
191
What is the first step in alcohol metabolism in the liver?
Metabolized to acetaldehyde ## Footnote Acetaldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol and is further processed for energy or fat conversion.
192
Fill in the blank: Most alcohol is metabolised in the liver to _______.
acetaldehyde ## Footnote Acetaldehyde is a key metabolite in the breakdown of alcohol.
193
What happens to acetaldehyde after its formation?
Used for energy or converted to fat ## Footnote This shows how the body utilizes the byproducts of alcohol metabolism.
194
What is the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) range for feeling a sense of well-being?
Up to 50 mg/100 ml ## Footnote This stage is characterized by relaxation and talkativeness.
195
What BAC level is considered risky?
50-80 mg/100 ml ## Footnote At this stage, fine movements and judgment are affected.
196
What is the legal limit for drink driving prosecution in the UK?
80 mg/100 ml ## Footnote This is the threshold above which legal action may be taken.
197
What effects are experienced at a BAC of 80-150 mg/100 ml?
* Slurred speech * Balance affected * Blurred vision * Drowsiness * Nausea and vomiting ## Footnote These symptoms indicate significant impairment.
198
Describe the effects of a BAC level of 150-400 mg/100 ml.
* Dead drunk * Loss of bladder and bowel control * Unconsciousness ## Footnote This stage is often referred to as drunken stupor.
199
What can occur at a BAC level above 400 mg/100 ml?
* Shock * Death ## Footnote This is the most dangerous stage of alcohol intoxication.
200
Fill in the blank: The feeling of well-being occurs at a BAC of _______.
Up to 50 mg/100 ml
201
True or False: A BAC of 80-150 mg/100 ml is considered safe for driving.
False ## Footnote This level indicates significant impairment and is above the legal limit.
202
What is the principal route of alcohol metabolism in the liver?
Ethanol → Acetaldehyde → Acetate → Acetyl CoA ## Footnote This pathway involves key enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase.
203
What are the two key enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism?
* Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) * Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) ## Footnote ADH is found in the cytoplasm of liver cells.
204
Fill in the blank: Alcohol is metabolized in the liver primarily to _______.
Acetaldehyde
205
What is the end product of acetaldehyde metabolism?
Acetate ## Footnote Acetate is further converted into Acetyl CoA in mitochondria.
206
What is the final metabolic pathway for fatty acids derived from alcohol metabolism?
Krebs Cycle ## Footnote This leads to the production of water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
207
True or False: The liver can use alcohol to synthesize fatty acids.
True
208
What product is formed from acetate in the mitochondria?
Acetyl CoA
209
Alcohol metabolism in the liver starts with ethanol and produces which intermediate compound?
Acetaldehyde
210
Fill in the blank: The metabolism of alcohol involves the conversion of fats into _______.
Fatty acids
211
What is the role of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in alcohol metabolism?
ADH metabolizes ethanol into toxic acetaldehyde. ## Footnote Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
212
What is the toxic compound produced during alcohol metabolism?
Acetaldehyde. ## Footnote Acetaldehyde is a toxic byproduct of ethanol metabolism.
213
Which enzyme metabolizes acetaldehyde into a less toxic compound?
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). ## Footnote ALDH has two forms: ALDH1 and ALDH2.
214
What is the less toxic compound that acetaldehyde is converted into?
Acetate. ## Footnote Acetate is further broken down into water and carbon dioxide.
215
How is acetate eliminated from the body?
It breaks down into water and carbon dioxide, which are released via urine and lungs.
216
True or False: Acetaldehyde is less toxic than ethanol.
False.
217
Fill in the blank: The process of metabolizing ethanol begins with the enzyme _______.
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH).
218
What are the two main enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism?
* Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) * Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
219
What is the first step in alcohol metabolism?
Alcohol passes to the stomach and small intestine, where it is absorbed.
220
Which organ is primarily responsible for alcohol metabolism?
The Liver
221
What enzyme metabolizes ethanol into acetaldehyde?
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
222
What is the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in alcohol metabolism?
It metabolizes acetaldehyde into acetate.
223
Fill in the blank: Alcohol is absorbed in the _______ and _______.
stomach and small intestine
224
True or False: Acetaldehyde is the final product of ethanol metabolism.
False
225
What are the two main enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism?
* Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) * Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
226
What substance is produced after acetaldehyde is metabolized?
Acetate
227
What is Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)?
The percentage of alcohol in a person's bloodstream ## Footnote BAC is measured in terms of grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood.
228
At what time does blood alcohol concentration peak after drinking?
About 40 minutes after drinking ## Footnote This is when the highest level of alcohol is detected in the bloodstream.
229
How long does it take for all drinks to be absorbed?
Within 1 hour ## Footnote This absorption rate can vary based on several factors including the type of drink and individual metabolism.
230
How long does it take to metabolize absorbed alcohol?
Another 6 hours ## Footnote Metabolism of alcohol occurs mainly in the liver.
231
True or False: Blood alcohol level falls quickly after drinking.
False ## Footnote Blood alcohol level (BAL/BAC) falls slowly, indicating a gradual reduction in alcohol concentration.
232
What is the typical blood alcohol level after consuming one drink?
0.10% ## Footnote This is an approximate BAC level that can result from consuming one standard drink.
233
Fill in the blank: Blood alcohol concentration peaks at about _______ minutes after drinking.
40
234
What is the impact of liver metabolism on alcohol removal from circulation?
Liver metabolism is limited ## Footnote This limitation affects how quickly alcohol is processed and eliminated from the body.
235
What happens to blood alcohol concentration with increased number of drinks?
It increases ## Footnote Each additional drink raises the BAC proportionally, depending on various factors.
236
What are common symptoms experienced after alcohol consumption?
* Fatigue and weakness * Thirst * Headache and muscle aches * Nausea and vomiting * Stomach issues * Sleep disturbances * Vertigo and sensitivity to light and sound * Attention and concentration issues * Mood changes such as depression, anxiety, and irritability * Sympathetic hyperactivity like tremor, sweating, increased pulse, and blood pressure ## Footnote These symptoms are often referred to as hangover effects.
237
Fill in the blank: Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can include _______.
[fatigue, weakness, thirst, headache, muscle aches, gastrointestinal issues, sleep disturbances, sensory issues, cognitive issues, mood changes, sympathetic hyperactivity]
238
True or False: Increased pulse and blood pressure can be a sign of sympathetic hyperactivity after alcohol use.
True
239
Which sensory symptoms are associated with alcohol consumption?
* Vertigo * Sensitivity to light * Sensitivity to sound ## Footnote These sensory issues can contribute to the overall discomfort experienced after alcohol consumption.
240
What cognitive issues may arise from alcohol consumption?
* Attention problems * Concentration difficulties ## Footnote Cognitive impairments can significantly affect daily functioning and productivity.
241
What are the direct effects of alcohol that can contribute to hangover symptoms?
Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal disturbance, low blood sugar, sleep & biological rhythm disturbance ## Footnote These effects can lead to a range of unpleasant symptoms commonly associated with hangovers.
242
What is one factor related to alcohol withdrawal that can contribute to hangover symptoms?
Alcohol withdrawal ## Footnote Withdrawal symptoms can occur when a person who regularly consumes alcohol suddenly reduces or stops intake.
243
What toxic substance is produced during alcohol metabolism that contributes to hangover symptoms?
Acetaldehyde ## Footnote Acetaldehyde is a byproduct of alcohol metabolism and is known to have toxic effects.
244
Name a non-alcohol factor that can contribute to hangover symptoms.
Compounds other than alcohol in beverages (e.g., congener methanol) ## Footnote Congeners are substances produced during fermentation that can affect the severity of hangovers.
245
Which other drug, when combined with alcohol, can contribute to hangover symptoms?
Nicotine ## Footnote The interaction between alcohol and nicotine can exacerbate the effects of both substances.
246
What personality attributes may contribute to hangover symptoms?
Neuroticism, anger, defensiveness ## Footnote These traits can influence how individuals experience stress and coping mechanisms related to drinking.
247
What negative life event can contribute to hangover symptoms?
Feeling guilt about drinking ## Footnote Emotional states can significantly affect how one experiences the aftermath of drinking.
248
What family history factor may contribute to an individual's likelihood of experiencing hangover symptoms?
Family history for alcoholism ## Footnote Genetic predisposition can influence drinking behaviors and responses to alcohol.
249
What is a potential strategy for treating a hangover?
Eat before drinking ## Footnote Eating before consuming alcohol can help mitigate hangover symptoms.
250
What is a recommended approach to drinking to avoid hangovers?
Drink in moderation ## Footnote Moderation in alcohol consumption can reduce the severity of hangovers.
251
What is the recommended pace of drinking to minimize hangover effects?
One drink per hour ## Footnote Spacing drinks can help the body process alcohol more effectively.
252
What is the time frame during which hangover symptoms typically resolve?
8-24 hours ## Footnote Hangover symptoms usually improve within this time frame after drinking.
253
What type of food is beneficial for combating low blood glucose during a hangover?
Bland food with complex carbohydrates ## Footnote Foods like bread or rice can help stabilize blood sugar levels.
254
What is a suggested method to combat fatigue associated with hangovers?
Sleep ## Footnote Resting can help the body recover from the effects of alcohol.
255
What type of medication is recommended for hangover relief?
Antacids ## Footnote Antacids can help relieve stomach discomfort associated with hangovers.
256
True or False: Paracetamol should be avoided during a hangover.
True ## Footnote Alcohol can enhance the toxicity of paracetamol to the liver.
257
What popular remedy should be avoided to treat a hangover?
Hair of the dog ## Footnote This strategy can prolong hangover symptoms rather than alleviate them.
258
What are the factors influencing alcohol absorption and metabolism?
* Speed of consumption * Presence of food * Age * Gender * Body composition * Liver size & enzyme * Ethnicity
259
What is the average rate of alcohol metabolism?
7-10 g/h
260
Fill in the blank: The _____ of consumption affects alcohol absorption.
[speed]
261
True or False: The presence of food does not impact the absorption of alcohol.
False
262
How does age influence alcohol metabolism?
[age affects the rate at which alcohol is metabolized]
263
Fill in the blank: Gender is a factor that influences alcohol _____ and metabolism.
[absorption]
264
What role does body composition play in alcohol metabolism?
[body composition affects the distribution and effects of alcohol]
265
True or False: Ethnicity has no effect on alcohol absorption and metabolism.
False
266
What factors related to the liver influence alcohol metabolism?
* Liver size * Enzyme levels
267
What is the primary enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol?
Alcohol dehydrogenase ## Footnote This enzyme is crucial for breaking down alcohol in the body.
268
How much less active is alcohol dehydrogenase in women compared to men?
Up to 40% less active ## Footnote This difference contributes to variations in alcohol metabolism between genders.
269
What body composition difference affects alcohol metabolism in women?
Higher percentage of fat and less water to dilute alcohol ## Footnote This difference leads to higher blood alcohol concentrations in women for the same amount of alcohol consumed.
270
How does body size influence alcohol metabolism between genders?
Women are smaller on average than men ## Footnote Smaller liver size and total water volume in women affect alcohol processing.
271
What hormonal fluctuations can influence women's response to alcohol?
Increased response around menstrual periods or when taking birth control pills ## Footnote Hormonal changes can enhance sensitivity to alcohol effects.
272
True or False: Women metabolize alcohol faster than men.
False ## Footnote Women generally metabolize alcohol more slowly due to various physiological factors.
273
What percentage of chronic alcohol misusers experience liver issues?
80-90% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the prevalence of liver-related problems among those who misuse alcohol chronically.
274
Where does alcohol breakdown and detoxification primarily occur?
Liver ## Footnote The liver is the main organ responsible for metabolizing alcohol.
275
What is fat accumulation in the liver associated with?
Heavy drinking ## Footnote Fat accumulation can occur after only a few days of heavy alcohol consumption.
276
What are the potential outcomes of fatty liver?
Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis ## Footnote Liver fibrosis is the excessive formation of fibrous tissue, while cirrhosis refers to scarring of the liver.
277
What percentage of heavy drinkers develop alcoholic hepatitis?
10-35% ## Footnote Alcoholic hepatitis is a serious inflammation of the liver resulting from excessive alcohol intake.
278
What substances irritate and inflame the liver due to high alcohol intake?
Alcohol, acetaldehyde ## Footnote Acetaldehyde is a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism that contributes to liver damage.
279
What can free radicals cause in liver cells?
Damage ## Footnote Free radicals can harm liver cells, especially when antioxidants are lacking.
280
What happens if intestinal cells are damaged due to alcohol consumption?
Toxins from gut microorganisms can worsen liver damage ## Footnote Damage to intestinal cells allows harmful substances to enter the bloodstream, exacerbating liver conditions.
281
What are the long-term risks associated with fatty liver?
Liver cancer, cirrhosis ## Footnote Chronic liver conditions can increase the likelihood of developing liver cancer.
282
How quickly can fatty liver be reversed after stopping alcohol intake?
In 2 weeks ## Footnote If alcohol consumption ceases promptly, liver recovery can occur within a short timeframe.
283
Is cirrhosis reversible?
No ## Footnote Cirrhosis is generally permanent, especially if alcohol consumption continues.
284
What is the survival rate for a person with alcohol-related cirrhosis who continues drinking?
Less than 50% chance of living for at least 5 more years ## Footnote This statistic underscores the severity of alcohol-related cirrhosis.
285
How many people in the UK die annually from alcohol-related liver disease?
Around 7700 ## Footnote This statistic reflects the significant impact of alcohol consumption on public health in the UK.
286
What percentage of chronic alcohol misusers experience liver issues?
80-90% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the prevalence of liver-related problems among those who misuse alcohol chronically.
287
Where does alcohol breakdown and detoxification primarily occur?
Liver ## Footnote The liver is the main organ responsible for metabolizing alcohol.
288
What is fat accumulation in the liver associated with?
Heavy drinking ## Footnote Fat accumulation can occur after only a few days of heavy alcohol consumption.
289
What are the potential outcomes of fatty liver?
Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis ## Footnote Liver fibrosis is the excessive formation of fibrous tissue, while cirrhosis refers to scarring of the liver.
290
What percentage of heavy drinkers develop alcoholic hepatitis?
10-35% ## Footnote Alcoholic hepatitis is a serious inflammation of the liver resulting from excessive alcohol intake.
291
What substances irritate and inflame the liver due to high alcohol intake?
Alcohol, acetaldehyde ## Footnote Acetaldehyde is a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism that contributes to liver damage.
292
What can free radicals cause in liver cells?
Damage ## Footnote Free radicals can harm liver cells, especially when antioxidants are lacking.
293
What happens if intestinal cells are damaged due to alcohol consumption?
Toxins from gut microorganisms can worsen liver damage ## Footnote Damage to intestinal cells allows harmful substances to enter the bloodstream, exacerbating liver conditions.
294
What are the long-term risks associated with fatty liver?
Liver cancer, cirrhosis ## Footnote Chronic liver conditions can increase the likelihood of developing liver cancer.
295
How quickly can fatty liver be reversed after stopping alcohol intake?
In 2 weeks ## Footnote If alcohol consumption ceases promptly, liver recovery can occur within a short timeframe.
296
Is cirrhosis reversible?
No ## Footnote Cirrhosis is generally permanent, especially if alcohol consumption continues.
297
What is the survival rate for a person with alcohol-related cirrhosis who continues drinking?
Less than 50% chance of living for at least 5 more years ## Footnote This statistic underscores the severity of alcohol-related cirrhosis.
298
How many people in the UK die annually from alcohol-related liver disease?
Around 7700 ## Footnote This statistic reflects the significant impact of alcohol consumption on public health in the UK.
299
What is the progression of liver disease due to continuous inflammation?
Continuous inflammation → excessive collagen → fibrous (fibrotic liver disease) → scarred (cirrhosis) → ultimately killing liver cells by choking the small blood vessels that nourish them.
300
Can dietary changes be helpful in liver disease?
Yes, dietary changes can be helpful.
301
What are some dietary considerations that may slow the progression of liver disease?
Dietary considerations include: * Fat * Micronutrients (especially antioxidants) * Balancing macronutrients (especially dietary protein in later stages)
302
Fill in the blank: Continuous inflammation leads to excessive _______.
collagen
303
True or False: Scarred liver (cirrhosis) is the final stage in the progression of liver disease caused by continuous inflammation.
True
304
Fill in the blank: The small blood vessels that nourish liver cells can be choked by _______.
scarred liver tissue
305
What is the first step in alcohol metabolism?
Conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) ## Footnote Alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that primarily metabolizes ethanol.
306
What is acetaldehyde converted into during alcohol metabolism?
Acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) ## Footnote Aldehyde dehydrogenase is another enzyme that further detoxifies acetaldehyde.
307
What is the role of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) in alcohol metabolism?
It metabolizes alcohol in the liver, especially when ethanol levels are high ## Footnote MEOS becomes more active with chronic alcohol consumption.
308
Name a potential consequence of excessive alcohol consumption.
Fatty liver ## Footnote Fatty liver is an accumulation of fat in liver cells, often a precursor to more severe liver diseases.
309
What chronic condition can develop from excessive alcohol consumption?
Alcoholic liver disease ## Footnote Alcoholic liver disease encompasses a range of conditions, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
310
True or False: Alcohol metabolism occurs only in the liver.
False ## Footnote While the liver is the primary site for alcohol metabolism, small amounts can also be metabolized in other tissues.
311
Fill in the blank: The enzyme responsible for converting alcohol to acetaldehyde is called _______.
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
312
What is a common symptom of alcoholic liver disease?
Jaundice ## Footnote Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin.
313
What factor influences the rate of alcohol metabolism in individuals?
Genetic variations in alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase ## Footnote These genetic differences can affect how quickly or slowly alcohol is metabolized.
314
Name two enzymes involved in the breakdown of alcohol.
* Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) * Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) ## Footnote Both enzymes play crucial roles in the detoxification process of ethanol.
315
Fill in the blank: Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to _______ liver damage.
irreversible
316
What happens when the liver couldn't cope with alcohol?
Alcohol enters the general circulation
317
How does alcohol disperse in the body?
Dispersing into all body fluids
318
What percentage of alcohol is lost in urine, breath, and sweat?
10%
319
What tests are based on the detection of alcohol?
Urine test and breath-analyser test
320
True or False: 10% of alcohol is eliminated through urine, breath, and sweat.
True
321
What are the immediate effects of drinking on the brain?
Slurred speech, slow reactions, impaired memory, blackouts
322
What long-term effects can heavy drinking have on mental health?
Worsening symptoms of mental health problems, low mood, anxiety
323
What type of drug is alcohol classified as?
A depressant
324
How does alcohol affect neurotransmitters?
It disrupts the balance, affecting thoughts, feelings, and actions
325
Fill in the blank: Alcohol can lead to ______ mood and anxiety.
low
326
True or False: Alcohol has no impact on long-term mental health.
False
327
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the brain?
They help to transmit signals from one neuron to another
328
Fill in the blank: Heavy drinking can impair ______ memory.
impaired
329
What can worsen the symptoms of many mental health problems?
Various types of alcohol use
330
List some immediate effects of alcohol consumption.
* Slurred speech * Slow reactions * Impaired memory * Blackouts
331
What is one of the main consequences of alcohol being a depressant?
It disrupts the balance of neurotransmitters
332
True or False: Alcohol consumption has no immediate effects on behavior.
False
333
What is the process of alcohol absorption in the body?
Mouth absorption → direct circulation → almost immediate effect ## Footnote Effects can be felt within approximately 1 minute.
334
What are the effects of alcohol on memory?
Memory impairment with few drinks; large quantity can cause blackout ## Footnote Blackouts are characterized by a loss of memory for events that occurred while intoxicated.
335
How does alcohol interact with nerve cells?
Soluble in fat → easily crosses the protective fatty membrane of nerve cells ## Footnote This disrupts the complex system of nerve cell communication.
336
What balance is disrupted by alcohol consumption?
Excitability and inhibition out of balance ## Footnote This leads to sleepiness, lack of coordination, impaired judgments, and mental ability.
337
Which neurotransmitters are affected by alcohol?
GABA (relaxation) and glutamate (excitability) ## Footnote Alcohol triggers changes in these neurotransmitter levels.
338
What short-term impact can alcohol have on blood sugar levels?
Alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia ## Footnote This condition can have a potential fatal impact, especially in children.
339
What can exacerbate brain dysfunction and mental issues related to alcohol?
Nutrient deficiencies (e.g., thiamine) ## Footnote Thiamine deficiency is particularly associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
340
True or False: Alcohol has no impact on neurotransmitter changes.
False ## Footnote Alcohol significantly alters neurotransmitter levels, affecting brain function.
341
Fill in the blank: Alcohol can lead to __________, which is characterized by symptoms of withdrawal.
[addiction] ## Footnote Withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, tremors, and seizures.
342
What is the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at which reasoning and judgment are impaired?
0.10% ## Footnote At this level, frontal lobe sedation occurs.
343
What are the effects of alcohol on speech and vision?
Impaired coordination, vision, driving ## Footnote Alcohol affects the speech and vision centers of the brain.
344
What is the blood alcohol concentration level associated with stupor and confusion?
0.30% ## Footnote At this level, there is significant impairment in cognitive functions.
345
What is the term used for brain damage caused by long-term heavy drinking?
Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) ## Footnote ARBD encompasses various cognitive and physical impairments resulting from alcohol toxicity.
346
What role does Vitamin B1 play in relation to alcohol consumption?
Deficiency due to alcohol impairs absorption ## Footnote Alcohol consumption can lead to a lack of Vitamin B1, which is crucial for brain health.
347
List three symptoms of alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD).
* Altered personality and unstable moods * Impaired thinking, learning, and remembering * Confabulation - filling gaps in memories with irrelevant or inaccurate information ## Footnote These symptoms can affect daily functioning and social interactions.
348
True or False: ARBD is a progressive condition like Alzheimer's Disease.
False ## Footnote Unlike Alzheimer's, ARBD does not notably get worse over time.
349
What is one treatment that can improve outcomes for ARBD patients?
High-dose Vitamin B1 treatment ## Footnote This treatment can significantly reduce brain damage effects in some individuals.
350
Fill in the blank: Alcohol is a _______ that affects all parts of the brain.
depressant ## Footnote As a depressant, alcohol slows down brain activity.
351
What happens to voluntary muscle control at a BAC of 0.15%?
It is impaired, leading to staggering gait and slurred speech ## Footnote This level of impairment affects coordination and physical stability.
352
What are the severe consequences of a BAC between 0.40% and 0.60%?
Unconsciousness, cardiac or respiratory failure ## Footnote These levels can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
353
What is the risk of developing cancer of the mouth, larynx, pharynx, and oesophagus when regularly drinking above 14 units a week?
Increases risk ## Footnote Heightened risk if the individual is a smoker.
354
What classification is alcohol assigned in terms of carcinogenicity?
Group 1 carcinogen ## Footnote This classification indicates sufficient evidence that alcohol causes cancer.
355
What is the percentage increase in cancer risk for the mouth and throat with each 10g of alcohol consumed daily?
15% ## Footnote This increase in risk is associated with regular alcohol consumption.
356
What is the percentage increase in cancer risk for the oesophagus with each 10g of alcohol consumed daily?
25% ## Footnote This increase emphasizes the risk associated with alcohol consumption.
357
What percentage of cancer cases in the UK is attributed to alcohol?
3.2% ## Footnote This corresponds to approximately 11,900 cases per year.
358
What percentage of cancer cases in the UK is caused by tobacco smoking?
15% ## Footnote This statistic shows the comparative risk of tobacco smoking versus alcohol.
359
What is the chemical produced when the body breaks down alcohol that is believed to cause cancer?
Acetaldehyde ## Footnote Acetaldehyde is toxic and damages DNA in our cells.
360
True or False: The exact mechanism by which alcohol causes cancer is fully understood.
False ## Footnote The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but evidence suggests toxicity from acetaldehyde.
361
Fill in the blank: Alcohol causes ____% of cancer cases in the UK.
3.2% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the significant impact of alcohol on cancer incidence.
362
What is the relationship between low to moderate alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
Low to moderate consumption is associated with lower risk of CVD. ## Footnote Cardiovascular disease affects the heart and blood vessels.
363
What is the risk associated with consuming above 14 units of alcohol?
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension. ## Footnote Heavy drinking is linked to higher risks of stroke.
364
What condition contributes to over 50% of stroke cases in the UK?
Hypertension. ## Footnote Hypertension is high blood pressure, a significant risk factor for strokes.
365
How many people under the age of 75 die from cardiovascular disease each year?
About 43,000 people. ## Footnote This statistic highlights the severity of cardiovascular issues in younger populations.
366
Who is at increased risk of heart conditions compared to moderate drinkers?
Non-drinkers and heavy drinkers. ## Footnote Research indicates that both groups face higher risks than moderate consumers.
367
Fill in the blank: Heavy drinking is associated with _______ and increased risk of stroke.
hypertension
368
True or False: Moderate drinkers have a lower risk of heart conditions compared to heavy drinkers.
True.
369
What range of conditions does cardiovascular disease (CVD) include?
Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. ## Footnote Examples include heart attacks and strokes.
370
What are the primary effects of alcohol on the gastrointestinal (GI) system?
Damage to GI system, discourage eating, absorption of nutrients affected ## Footnote Alcohol and its metabolite acetaldehyde can lead to a vicious cycle of damage.
371
What specific conditions can alcohol erode in the GI tract?
Protective mucosal linings, leading to esophagitis, gastritis, diarrhea, and malabsorption ## Footnote These conditions can significantly impact nutrient absorption.
372
Which organs of the GI tract are at risk of cancer due to alcohol consumption?
All organs of the GI tract ## Footnote The risk is compounded by other factors such as smoking.
373
True or False: Smoking multiplies the risk of GI cancer when combined with alcohol consumption.
True ## Footnote Smoking dramatically increases cancer risk in conjunction with alcohol.
374
What are the primary effects of alcohol on the gastrointestinal (GI) system?
Damage to GI system, discourage eating, absorption of nutrients affected ## Footnote Alcohol and its metabolite acetaldehyde can lead to a vicious cycle of damage.
375
What specific conditions can alcohol erode in the GI tract?
Protective mucosal linings, leading to esophagitis, gastritis, diarrhea, and malabsorption ## Footnote These conditions can significantly impact nutrient absorption.
376
Which organs of the GI tract are at risk of cancer due to alcohol consumption?
All organs of the GI tract ## Footnote The risk is compounded by other factors such as smoking.
377
True or False: Smoking multiplies the risk of GI cancer when combined with alcohol consumption.
True ## Footnote Smoking dramatically increases cancer risk in conjunction with alcohol.
378
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to negative effects on the unborn fetus. ## Footnote Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a serious concern as it encompasses a range of physical and cognitive disabilities.
379
What type of substance is alcohol classified as in relation to pregnancy?
Teratogenic. ## Footnote Teratogens are substances that can cause congenital malformations in a developing fetus.
380
List some teratogenic effects of alcohol on the fetus.
* Congenital defects * Mental retardation * Coordination problems * Heart malformations * Eye malformations * Genitourinary malformations * Low birth weight * Slowed growth rate ## Footnote These effects can vary in severity and impact depending on the timing and amount of alcohol consumed.
381
When does the development of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome typically occur?
During the early weeks of pregnancy. ## Footnote This is a critical period for fetal development, and exposure to teratogens can have lasting impacts.
382
True or False: Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can lead to low birth weight.
True. ## Footnote Low birth weight is one of the many potential outcomes associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
383
What is Foetal Alcohol Syndrome?
A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, causing developmental issues. ## Footnote Especially damaging in the earliest weeks of pregnancy when the pregnancy might not be known.
384
How does alcohol affect embryonic development?
Alcohol interferes with embryonic development by disrupting Vitamin A and folic acid metabolism. ## Footnote Congeners and alcohol can lead to serious developmental issues.
385
What can even a small amount of alcohol during pregnancy lead to?
Serious consequences for fetal development. ## Footnote This can occur even in one session of binge drinking.
386
What are the labelling requirements for pregnancy regarding alcohol?
Specific labelling requirements mandate warnings about alcohol consumption during pregnancy. ## Footnote These requirements aim to inform about the risks associated with alcohol use.
387
What is the relationship between alcohol consumption and diet quality?
Those who drank often but less had better diet quality ## Footnote This suggests that frequency of alcohol consumption may influence overall dietary habits.
388
What are common vitamin deficiencies associated with alcohol consumption?
Vitamin deficiencies ## Footnote Alcohol consumption can lead to various vitamin deficiencies, impacting overall health.
389
What mineral deficiencies can result from heavy alcohol consumption?
Elevated iron, copper ## Footnote Heavy drinkers may experience imbalances in mineral levels, impacting health.
390
How does alcohol contribute to poor diet?
Alcohol provides energy but no nutrients ## Footnote This can lead to nutritional deficiencies despite high caloric intake.
391
What did the US study reveal about diet quality and alcohol consumption patterns?
Diet quality poorest among highest quantity & lowest frequency; better among highest frequency & lowest quantity ## Footnote This indicates that drinking patterns can significantly affect dietary quality.
392
What are some errors in epidemiological or correlational studies regarding alcohol and diet?
Economic factors, cooking facilities, poverty, anxiety, loneliness, depression, isolation, lack of interest in food, GI problems ## Footnote These factors can complicate the interpretation of data on alcohol consumption and diet.
393
What percentage of energy do heavy drinkers obtain from alcohol?
50% of energy from alcohol ## Footnote This highlights the significant impact of alcohol on overall energy intake.
394
Fill in the blank: Heavy drinkers often have _______ diets.
poor ## Footnote This indicates a correlation between heavy drinking and inadequate nutritional intake.
395
What is the calorie content of alcohol?
7 kcal/g
396
How are calories from food and alcohol typically characterized?
Calories easily added up
397
What is a common misconception about calories in relation to alcohol?
Calories from alcohol are often overlooked
398
Fill in the blank: Alcohol provides _______ kcal per gram.
7 kcal/g
399
True or False: Alcohol does not contribute to body weight.
False
400
What is one way alcohol affects vitamin metabolism?
Alcohol interferes with vitamin metabolism ## Footnote This interference can lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins.
401
Name a vitamin that alcohol interferes with the metabolism of.
Folate ## Footnote Folate is crucial for DNA synthesis and repair.
402
What are the main issues related to alcohol and malnutrition?
* Inadequate intake * Poor absorption * Increased vitamin destruction * Interference with conversion (e.g., retinol to vitamin A) * Fat metabolism (fat soluble vitamins) ## Footnote These issues highlight how alcohol consumption can lead to malnutrition.
403
Fill in the blank: Alcohol can lead to _______ in vitamin A metabolism.
Interference ## Footnote This can affect the conversion of retinol to vitamin A.
404
True or False: Alcohol consumption can improve vitamin absorption.
False ## Footnote Alcohol typically leads to poor absorption of vitamins.
405
What is a consequence of alcohol on fat metabolism?
Interference with fat soluble vitamins ## Footnote This can lead to deficiencies in vitamins like A, D, E, and K.
406
What vitamin deficiency leads to malabsorption, anaemia, and nerve damage?
Folate deficiency ## Footnote Folate is crucial for DNA synthesis and repair, and its deficiency can lead to serious health issues.
407
What are the consequences of Vitamin A deficiency?
Damage of GI lining and impairment of immunity ## Footnote Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function.
408
What deficiency is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) deficiency ## Footnote This syndrome is characterized by severe neurological symptoms due to inadequate thiamine.
409
What are the effects of Thiamin deficiency?
Brain damage, polyneuropathy, and cardiomyopathy ## Footnote Polyneuropathy refers to inflammation of multiple nerves, while cardiomyopathy affects heart muscle function.
410
True or False: Drinking too much alcohol can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
True ## Footnote Excessive alcohol intake directly interferes with thiamine absorption.
411
How does excessive alcohol intake affect thiamine?
Interferes with absorption and reduces liver storage ## Footnote This leads to a deficiency that can result in serious neurological disorders.
412
What are the four minerals mentioned?
Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc
413
What can cause fluid loss and inadequate diet?
Alcohol
414
What are the symptoms of Magnesium deficiency?
Shakes
415
What are the symptoms of Zinc deficiency?
Chronic diarrhoea, loss of epithelial tissues
416
What condition can cause gastritis bleeding?
Iron deficiency
417
Which minerals may be elevated in certain conditions?
Iron, Copper, and Nickel
418
Fill in the blank: Magnesium deficiency can lead to _______.
Shakes
419
True or False: Zinc deficiency can lead to chronic diarrhoea.
True
420
What effect does alcohol have on the digestion and breakdown of macronutrients?
Alters digestion and breakdown of CHO, fat, and protein
421
How does alcohol interfere with amino acid absorption?
Interferes with amino acid absorption
422
What is the overall effect of alcohol on protein balance?
Overall effect on protein balance is minimal
423
What metabolic process does alcohol inhibit?
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
424
What effect does alcohol have on blood glucose levels?
Lowers blood glucose level
425
What happens to blood triacylglyceride levels with alcohol consumption?
Raises blood triacylglyceride levels; hyperlipidaemia
426
What effect does alcohol have on the digestion and breakdown of macronutrients?
Alters digestion and breakdown of CHO, fat, and protein
427
How does alcohol interfere with amino acid absorption?
Interferes with amino acid absorption
428
What is the overall effect of alcohol on protein balance?
Overall effect on protein balance is minimal
429
What metabolic process does alcohol inhibit?
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
430
What effect does alcohol have on blood glucose levels?
Lowers blood glucose level
431
What happens to blood triacylglyceride levels with alcohol consumption?
Raises blood triacylglyceride levels; hyperlipidaemia
432
What is moderate drinking associated with?
Reduced mortality ## Footnote This association is often explored in studies analyzing health outcomes related to alcohol consumption.
433
What type of curve is observed in the US Nurses Health Study regarding alcohol consumption?
U shaped curve ## Footnote This curve indicates that the lowest risk of mortality is associated with one drink per week.
434
What potential health benefit is associated with moderate alcohol consumption?
May protect against heart disease (HDLT) ## Footnote This claim is based on some studies suggesting a link between moderate drinking and heart health.
435
What is the 'French paradox'?
Low rate of CHD & relatively high fat diet ## Footnote This phenomenon raises questions about the role of red wine in heart health despite a diet high in fats.
436
What type of evidence exists regarding the health benefits of alcohol?
Inconclusive evidence ## Footnote While some studies suggest benefits, the overall evidence remains unclear.
437
What dietary pattern is alcohol consumption part of that is considered healthy?
Mediterranean diet ## Footnote The Mediterranean diet includes moderate alcohol consumption, particularly red wine, along with other healthy foods.
438
What is the effect of mixing energy drinks with alcohol?
Increases the risk of alcohol toxicity ## Footnote This combination may lead to impaired judgment and other serious consequences.
439
Name three risks associated with mixing energy drinks and alcohol.
* Impaired judgment * Increased risk of serious injury * Sexual assault
440
True or False: Mixing energy drinks with alcohol reduces the chances of drunk driving.
False ## Footnote This combination increases the risk of drunk driving.
441
Fill in the blank: Mixing energy drinks with alcohol can lead to _______.
heart rhythm problems
442
List two nervous system problems that can arise from mixing energy drinks with alcohol.
* Dizziness & disorientation * Shortness of breath
443
What can rapid heartbeat indicate when mixing energy drinks with alcohol?
Potential health risks and complications ## Footnote Rapid heartbeat is a symptom that can indicate serious problems.
444
What are non-nutritive substances?
Contain zero or very little calories or other nutrients ## Footnote Provide no vitamins or minerals
445
What are non-caloric/artificial sweeteners often used for?
Used by diabetics to avoid blood sugar spikes ## Footnote Many are lab made
446
What are phytochemicals?
Chemicals naturally found in plants like fruits and vegetables ## Footnote Possess health promoting properties
447
What substances are considered nutritive?
Sugar and anything made from sugar, such as: * Agave * Honey * High fructose corn syrup * Brown sugar ## Footnote They provide calories.
448
What can some pesticides be harmful to?
Humans ## Footnote Their residues can be found on fruits, vegetables, and grains.
449
Why is washing fruits and vegetables important?
To remove pesticide residues ## Footnote Pesticide residues might be on fruits and vegetables.
450
What type of pesticides do farmers growing organic crops often use?
Natural pesticides ## Footnote Not the synthetic pesticides used in conventional farming.
451
Are studies conclusive when comparing organic vs. conventional crops regarding pesticide levels in humans?
No, studies are inconclusive ## Footnote Also regarding whether organic crops decrease health risks.
452
What are non-nutritive toxins?
Substances that do not provide nutritional value and may have harmful effects
453
What are pesticides?
Chemicals used on plants to protect against insects, weeds, etc.
454
What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)?
Compounds produced when meat is cooked at high temperatures
455
How can the risk of cancer from PAHs be decreased?
By not cooking meat over an open flame, flipping meat often, and removing charred portions
456
What are hydrazines?
Cancer-causing natural toxins found in button and portobello mushrooms
457
How should hydrazines be handled in cooking?
These mushrooms should not be eaten raw and must be thoroughly cooked
458
When did tea come into use?
Approximately 350 A.D. in China
459
When did coffee begin to be consumed as a hot beverage?
Approximately 1000 A.D.
460
Fill in the blank: Common beverages include _______ and _______.
coffee, tea
461
What are non-nutritive toxins?
Substances that do not provide nutritional value and may have harmful effects
462
What are pesticides?
Chemicals used on plants to protect against insects, weeds, etc.
463
What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)?
Compounds produced when meat is cooked at high temperatures
464
How can the risk of cancer from PAHs be decreased?
By not cooking meat over an open flame, flipping meat often, and removing charred portions
465
What are hydrazines?
Cancer-causing natural toxins found in button and portobello mushrooms
466
How should hydrazines be handled in cooking?
These mushrooms should not be eaten raw and must be thoroughly cooked
467
When did tea come into use?
Approximately 350 A.D. in China
468
When did coffee begin to be consumed as a hot beverage?
Approximately 1000 A.D.
469
Fill in the blank: Common beverages include _______ and _______.
coffee, tea
470
What is a reason for the increasing interest in diet?
Increasing life expectancy ## Footnote This reflects a growing awareness of how diet impacts health over longer lifespans.
471
What is the recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables?
5+ portions a day! ## Footnote This recommendation is based on various health studies promoting better nutritional habits.
472
What types of diseases are contributing to increased patient numbers?
Cardiovascular, neurological, bone, cancer, etc. ## Footnote These diseases often have dietary correlations that are being explored for intervention.
473
What is a goal of developing therapeutic or dietary interventions?
To delay the onset or counteract the progression of disease ## Footnote This goal emphasizes the importance of nutrition in health management.
474
Why should nutrition students care about what people eat?
To understand the impact of diet on health and disease prevention ## Footnote Nutrition students are trained to analyze dietary habits for better health outcomes.
475
What is a key benefit of vitamin in fruits and vegetables?
Antioxidant ## Footnote Vitamins act as antioxidants, helping to neutralize free radicals in the body.
476
What role does fibre play in health?
Healthy gut ## Footnote Fibre helps maintain digestive health and prevents constipation.
477
What are some health benefits of flavonoids?
* Immune function * Vascular function * Brain function * Antioxidant ## Footnote Flavonoids are known for their protective roles against diseases and contribute to the colorful pigments in plants.
478
Which nutrients are carotenoids known for?
* Antioxidant * Eyes * Immune function ## Footnote Carotenoids are found in richly colored fruits and vegetables like kale, spinach, and carrots.
479
How many flavonoids are currently recognized?
About 6000 ## Footnote These flavonoids contribute to the colorful pigments of fruits, herbs, vegetables, and medicinal plants.
480
Fill in the blank: Carotenoids are found in _______.
kale, spinach, bell peppers, carrots ## Footnote These foods are known for their rich colors and health benefits.
481
True or False: Flavonoids have been reviewed for their protective roles against human diseases.
True ## Footnote Research has shown that flavonoids may help protect against various diseases.
482
What condition does fibre help to prevent?
Constipation ## Footnote Adequate fibre intake is essential for regular bowel movements.
483
List two functions of carotenoids.
* Antioxidant * Immune function ## Footnote Carotenoids help in protecting the body and enhancing immune responses.
484
What is a significant health benefit of fruits and vegetables?
Immune function ## Footnote Many constituents in fruits and vegetables support the immune system.
485
What does the 5-A-Day initiative promote?
The consumption of five servings of fruits and vegetables each day ## Footnote The initiative aims to improve public health by encouraging higher intake of fruits and vegetables.
486
What are some benefits of consuming fruits and vegetables?
Rich in micronutrients, dietary fibre, antioxidant components, and phytochemicals ## Footnote Examples of micronutrients include vitamins like K, folate, and vitamin C.
487
List two antioxidant vitamins found in fruits and vegetables.
* Vitamin C * Vitamin E ## Footnote These vitamins help protect the body from oxidative stress.
488
What role do phytochemicals play in a healthy diet?
They contribute to health benefits, including antioxidant effects ## Footnote Examples include carotenoids and flavonoids.
489
True or False: Fruits and vegetables are not considered to contribute to a balanced diet.
False ## Footnote Fruits and vegetables are essential components of a healthy and balanced diet.
490
Fill in the blank: Fruits and vegetables are known for their _______ components.
[antioxidant] ## Footnote Antioxidant components help in reducing oxidative stress in the body.
491
What makes fruits and vegetables appealing in addition to their health benefits?
They taste delicious and come in a variety of options ## Footnote The diversity in flavors and types encourages consumption.
492
What is the approximate percentage reduction in the risk of ischaemic heart disease for those at the 90th centile of fruit and vegetable consumption compared to the 10th centile?
About 15% ## Footnote This finding is based on a meta-analysis of numerous studies.
493
How much lower is the risk for coronary heart disease associated with each 1-serving/d increase in intake of fruits or vegetables?
4% lower risk ## Footnote This conclusion is drawn from the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study.
494
What types of fruits and vegetables appear to have a protective effect against coronary heart disease?
Green leafy vegetables and vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables ## Footnote These specific types of produce are highlighted for their health benefits.
495
What is the relationship between dietary fiber intake and the risk of coronary heart disease?
Higher intake of dietary fiber, particularly water-soluble fiber, reduces the risk of CHD ## Footnote This conclusion is based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.
496
What is the purpose of epidemiology?
To study how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why ## Footnote This definition provides the foundation for understanding population health dynamics.
497
What is NHANES an acronym for?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ## Footnote This survey looks at dietary patterns and their links to health in the United States.
498
True or False: Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a lower risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancer.
True ## Footnote Epidemiological studies support this protective relationship.
499
What population was studied in the Nurses' Health Study?
84,251 women aged 34 to 59 years ## Footnote This group was followed for 14 years and was free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline.
500
What population was studied in the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study?
42,148 men aged 40 to 75 years ## Footnote This group was followed for 8 years and was also free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline.
501
Fill in the blank: Epidemiological studies show an ______ relationship between the increased consumption of fruits and vegetables and the risk of heart disease.
inverse ## Footnote This means that as consumption increases, the risk decreases.
502
What was the effect of consuming 200g of fruit and vegetables on the risk of cardiovascular disease?
It cut the risk by 13% ## Footnote This finding is based on a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.
503
What was the effect of consuming 800g of fruit and vegetables on the risk of cardiovascular disease?
It cut the risk by 28% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the significant impact of higher fruit and vegetable intake on cardiovascular health.
504
How much did 200g of fruit and vegetables reduce the risk of cancer?
It cut the risk by 4% ## Footnote This statistic is part of a larger analysis on the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption.
505
How much did 800g of fruit and vegetables reduce the risk of cancer?
It cut the risk by 13% ## Footnote This indicates a stronger protective effect against cancer with increased consumption.
506
What was the effect of consuming 200g of fruit and vegetables on the risk of premature death?
It cut the risk by 15% ## Footnote This finding emphasizes the importance of fruit and vegetable intake for longevity.
507
What was the effect of consuming 800g of fruit and vegetables on the risk of premature death?
It cut the risk by 31% ## Footnote This suggests a significant correlation between higher fruit and vegetable intake and lower mortality rates.
508
What do the results of the 2017 study support regarding public health recommendations?
They support increasing fruit and vegetable intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature mortality ## Footnote This aligns with broader public health initiatives aimed at improving dietary habits.
509
True or False: The study found that higher fruit and vegetable intake is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
False ## Footnote The study indicates a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease with higher fruit and vegetable consumption.
510
Fill in the blank: Consuming _______ of fruit and vegetables daily is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
800g ## Footnote This amount is linked to significant health benefits.
511
What was the effect of consuming 200g of fruit and vegetables on the risk of cardiovascular disease?
It cut the risk by 13% ## Footnote This finding is based on a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.
512
What was the effect of consuming 800g of fruit and vegetables on the risk of cardiovascular disease?
It cut the risk by 28% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the significant impact of higher fruit and vegetable intake on cardiovascular health.
513
How much did 200g of fruit and vegetables reduce the risk of cancer?
It cut the risk by 4% ## Footnote This statistic is part of a larger analysis on the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption.
514
How much did 800g of fruit and vegetables reduce the risk of cancer?
It cut the risk by 13% ## Footnote This indicates a stronger protective effect against cancer with increased consumption.
515
What was the effect of consuming 200g of fruit and vegetables on the risk of premature death?
It cut the risk by 15% ## Footnote This finding emphasizes the importance of fruit and vegetable intake for longevity.
516
What was the effect of consuming 800g of fruit and vegetables on the risk of premature death?
It cut the risk by 31% ## Footnote This suggests a significant correlation between higher fruit and vegetable intake and lower mortality rates.
517
What do the results of the 2017 study support regarding public health recommendations?
They support increasing fruit and vegetable intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature mortality ## Footnote This aligns with broader public health initiatives aimed at improving dietary habits.
518
True or False: The study found that higher fruit and vegetable intake is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
False ## Footnote The study indicates a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease with higher fruit and vegetable consumption.
519
Fill in the blank: Consuming _______ of fruit and vegetables daily is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
800g ## Footnote This amount is linked to significant health benefits.
520
What are bioactive compounds found in plants?
Substances that provide health benefits beyond nutritional requirements ## Footnote These compounds are often referred to as phytochemicals.
521
Define phytochemicals.
Bioactive nutrient plant chemicals in fruits, vegetables, grains, and other plant foods ## Footnote They may provide desirable health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
522
What is the role of antioxidants?
Neutralize free radicals and reduce heart disease and cancer risk ## Footnote Antioxidants are crucial for protecting cells from oxidative stress.
523
How do functional compounds exert their effects?
Through direct cell-signaling pathways and gene expression ## Footnote This mechanism can influence various biological processes.
524
List some common sources of bioactive compounds.
* Fruits * Vegetables * Whole grains * Legumes * Wine ## Footnote These foods are rich in phytochemicals and antioxidants.
525
True or False: Phytochemicals are only found in animal products.
False ## Footnote Phytochemicals are primarily found in plant-based foods.
526
Fill in the blank: Bioactive compounds may reduce the risk of major chronic diseases such as _______.
heart disease and cancer ## Footnote These diseases are often linked to dietary choices.
527
What types of health benefits do phytochemicals provide?
Desirable health benefits beyond basic nutrition ## Footnote This includes reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
528
What is oxidative stress?
A disturbance in the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in favour of pro-oxidants, leading to potential damage.
529
What causes oxidative stress?
An imbalance between production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability to detoxify these products.
530
What are commonly defined reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
* Superoxide radicals (O2*) * Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) * Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) * Singlet oxygen ('O2)
531
What can excessive ROS production lead to?
Harmful effects on proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
532
List some diseases associated with oxidative stress.
* Cancer * Diabetes * Metabolic disorders * Atherosclerosis * Cardiovascular diseases
533
Fill in the blank: Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between free radical formation and the capability of cells to _______.
clear them
534
True or False: Oxidative stress can negatively affect cellular structures such as membranes and DNA.
True
535
What are the effects of free radicals and oxidants in excess?
They can lead to oxidative stress, damaging cellular structures.
536
What is the role of antioxidant defences?
To detoxify reactive products and maintain balance against oxidative stress.
537
What year did Sies define oxidative stress?
1991
538
What is oxidative stress?
A disturbance in the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in favour of pro-oxidants, leading to potential damage.
539
What causes oxidative stress?
An imbalance between production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability to detoxify these products.
540
What are commonly defined reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
* Superoxide radicals (O2*) * Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) * Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) * Singlet oxygen ('O2)
541
What can excessive ROS production lead to?
Harmful effects on proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
542
List some diseases associated with oxidative stress.
* Cancer * Diabetes * Metabolic disorders * Atherosclerosis * Cardiovascular diseases
543
Fill in the blank: Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between free radical formation and the capability of cells to _______.
clear them
544
True or False: Oxidative stress can negatively affect cellular structures such as membranes and DNA.
True
545
What are the effects of free radicals and oxidants in excess?
They can lead to oxidative stress, damaging cellular structures.
546
What is the role of antioxidant defences?
To detoxify reactive products and maintain balance against oxidative stress.
547
What year did Sies define oxidative stress?
1991
548
What are Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?
Free radicals in the form of: * Superoxide * Hydroxyl * Peroxyl * Alkoxyl * Hydroperoxyl ## Footnote ROS are highly reactive molecules that can cause cellular damage.
549
What are Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)?
Increased with environmental stresses, pollutants, tobacco smoke, drugs, radiation, including: * Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) * Nitrogen dioxide (NO2°) * Dinitrogen Trioxide (N2O3) ## Footnote RNS are associated with various biological processes and can lead to nitrosative stress.
550
What is a characteristic feature of free radicals?
The dot on the side denotes that it is a free radical and shows its reactivity. ## Footnote This notation indicates the presence of an unpaired electron.
551
What are endogenous sources of free radicals?
Generated from: * Immune cell activation * Inflammation * Ischemia * Infection * Cancer * Excessive exercise * Mental stress * Aging ## Footnote These processes naturally occur within the body.
552
What are exogenous sources of free radicals?
Produced from exposure to: * Environmental pollutants * Heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Fe, As) * Certain drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, gentamycin, bleomycin) * Chemical solvents * Cooking (smoked meat, used oil, fat) * Cigarette smoke * Alcohol * Radiation ## Footnote These sources come from outside the body and can lead to oxidative stress.
553
Fill in the blank: Free radicals are generated as by-products when exogenous compounds penetrate the body and are _______.
degraded or metabolized ## Footnote This process can lead to oxidative damage if not adequately managed.
554
True or False: Free radicals can only be produced endogenously.
False ## Footnote Free radicals can be generated from both endogenous and exogenous sources.
555
What are antioxidants?
Any substance that, when present at low concentrations compared with those of an oxidizable substrate, significantly delays or prevents the oxidation of that substrate. ## Footnote Definition sourced from Halliwell & Gutteriage.
556
How do antioxidants act?
By: * Free radical scavenging * Electron and proton donations * Metal chelation ## Footnote These mechanisms help in preventing oxidative damage.
557
What roles do free radicals play in the body at low concentrations?
They play important roles, especially in signaling pathways. ## Footnote Signaling pathways are crucial for various biological processes.
558
What happens when free radicals are present in excess?
They give rise to oxidative stress, which can cause damage to membranes, lipids, and DNA. ## Footnote Oxidative stress is linked to various diseases and aging.
559
True or False: Antioxidants can control free radicals.
True ## Footnote Antioxidants help mitigate the harmful effects of excess free radicals.
560
What is intelligence?
A construct that increases scores in academic tests ## Footnote Intelligence will be covered more in the second year
561
What does OIL - RIG stand for?
Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain ## Footnote This acronym helps remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction
562
In oxidation, what happens to electrons?
X loses electrons ## Footnote This process makes X more positive
563
What is an oxidizing agent?
Y gains electrons ## Footnote Y is reduced by X, becoming more negative
564
What is a reducing agent?
X is oxidized by Y ## Footnote This occurs when X loses electrons
565
Who is described as having 'intelligence'?
A Greek commander ## Footnote This is noted as the first possible use of the term
566
What is the antioxidant potential measured relative to?
Vitamin E analogue: Trolox ## Footnote Trolox is used as a standard to measure the antioxidant capacity of other compounds.
567
What does TEAC stand for?
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ## Footnote TEAC is a measurement used to quantify the antioxidant capacity of substances.
568
Is Trolox water soluble?
Yes ## Footnote Trolox is a water-soluble analog of vitamin E.
569
What is the antioxidant potential defined as?
The ability to neutralize oxygen free radicals ## Footnote Excessive free radicals are generated due to environmental influences.
570
What is Trolox's role in biochemical applications?
To reduce oxidative stress or damage ## Footnote Trolox is utilized in various biological applications for its antioxidant properties.
571
How is the antioxidant ability of compounds assessed?
Relative to Trolox ## Footnote The antioxidant capacity is quantified using the TEAC score.
572
Fill in the blank: Antioxidant potential is defined as the ability to neutralize _____ free radicals.
oxygen
573
True or False: Trolox is an antioxidant like vitamin E.
True ## Footnote Both Trolox and vitamin E serve similar antioxidant functions.
574
Name two compounds mentioned in the text alongside Trolox.
* Vitamin E * Epicatechin (EC) * Quercetin (Q) ## Footnote These compounds are often compared in terms of their antioxidant capacities.
575
What is the significance of TEAC?
It provides a score to assess antioxidant capacity ## Footnote TEAC allows for the comparison of different antioxidants based on their effectiveness.
576
What are phytochemicals?
Compounds in plants that contribute to their color, taste, and smell ## Footnote Phytochemicals are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes.
577
Name the major classes of phytochemicals.
* Flavonoids * Carotenoids * Isothiocyanates * Phenolic Acids * Phytoestrogens ## Footnote These classes represent different types of compounds with various health benefits.
578
Fill in the blank: Phytochemicals are literally _______ chemicals.
[plant]
579
What contributes to the vibrant orange hue of carrots?
Phytochemicals ## Footnote The specific phytochemicals responsible for this color are carotenoids.
580
True or False: Phytochemicals are only found in vegetables.
False ## Footnote They are also present in fruits, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes.
581
What gives Brussels sprouts their bitter taste?
Phytochemicals ## Footnote The specific compounds contributing to the bitterness include isothiocyanates.
582
What is the role of phytochemicals in plants?
Contribute to color, taste, and smell ## Footnote They play a significant role in attracting pollinators and repelling pests.
583
Fill in the blank: Hot peppers get their searing bite from _______.
[phytochemicals]
584
What are flavonoids?
A group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures ## Footnote Flavonoids are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine.
585
How are flavonoids classified?
According to structure ## Footnote Classes include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanonols, flavans, anthocyanidins, and isolavonoids (including isoflavones).
586
List the classes of flavonoids.
* Flavones * Flavonols * Flavanones * Flavanonols * Flavans * Anthocyanidins * Isolavonoids (including isoflavones) ## Footnote Subgroups of anthocyanidins include cyaniding, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin.
587
What structural feature is characteristic of phenolic compounds?
Hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings ## Footnote This structure contributes to the properties of flavonoids.
588
What are the health benefits associated with flavonoids?
* Anti-oxidative * Anti-inflammatory * Anti-mutagenic * Anti-carcinogenic ## Footnote Flavonoids can modulate key cellular enzyme function.
589
What current research trends involve flavonoids?
* Isolation * Identification * Characterisation * Functions and applications on health benefits ## Footnote Research focuses on the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD).
590
True or False: Flavonoids are only found in fruits and vegetables.
False ## Footnote They are also found in grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine.
591
Fill in the blank: Flavonoids are now considered an indispensable component in a variety of _______.
Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal, and cosmetic applications ## Footnote This is due to their various health benefits.
592
What is the primary action mechanism of flavonoids?
Mainly scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ## Footnote This contributes to their anti-oxidative properties.
593
What are flavonoids?
Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites with various subgroups based on their structure.
594
How can flavonoids be subdivided?
Flavonoids can be subdivided based on the carbon of the C ring on which the B ring is attached and the degree of unsaturation and oxidation of the C ring.
595
What are isoflavones?
Isoflavones are flavonoids in which the B ring is linked in position 3 of the C ring.
596
What are neoflavonoids?
Neoflavonoids are flavonoids in which the B ring is linked in position 4 of the C ring.
597
What are the subgroups of flavonoids linked in position 2 of the C ring?
The subgroups are: *flavones* *flavonols* *flavanones* *flavanols or catechins* *anthocyanins* *chalcones*.
598
Fill in the blank: Flavonoids in which the B ring is linked in position 3 of the C ring are called _______.
Isoflavones
599
True or False: Flavonols are a subgroup of flavonoids.
True
600
What is the basic skeleton of a flavonoid?
The basic skeleton of a flavonoid consists of a C ring and a B ring.
601
What are anthocyanins?
Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoids characterized by their red, blue, or purple colors.
602
What are chalcones?
Chalcones are a subgroup of flavonoids that are precursors to other flavonoid classes.
603
What are flavonoids?
Flavonoids are functional food ingredients.
604
Name two types of flavonoids.
* Isoflavone * Flavanol
605
What is an anthocyanin?
Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid.
606
What is the structure of flavanones?
Flavanones have specific structural characteristics that categorize them under flavonoids.
607
Fill in the blank: Isoflavones are a type of _______.
flavonoid
608
True or False: All flavonoids have the same structural formula.
False
609
What is the significance of flavonoids in food?
Flavonoids are considered functional food ingredients due to their health benefits.
610
What are the main categories of flavonoids?
* Isoflavones * Flavanols * Anthocyanins * Flavonols * Flavanones
611
Who contributed the original slide on flavonoids?
Prof Jeremy Spencer
612
What are flavonols?
Flavonols are flavonoids with a ketone group.
613
List some rich sources of flavonols.
* Onions * Kale * Lettuce * Tomatoes * Apples * Grapes * Berries * Tea * Red wine
614
What is the relationship between flavonols and proanthocyanins?
Flavonols are building blocks of proanthocyanins.
615
What health benefits are associated with the intake of flavonoids?
* Antioxidant potential * Reduced risk of vascular disease
616
Fill in the blank: Flavonoids are found abundantly in a variety of _______.
[fruits and vegetables]
617
True or False: Flavonols are only found in fruits.
False
618
What type of procyanidins are found in cocoa and chocolate?
B-type procyanidins
619
Which type of procyanidins are found in cranberries?
A- and B-type procyanidins
620
What type of procyanidins are found in tea?
Procyanidins and Prodelphinidins
621
Which type of procyanidins are found in apples?
B-type procyanidins
622
What type of procyanidins are found in blueberries?
B-type procyanidins
623
What type of procyanidins are found in almonds?
B-type procyanidins
624
What type of procyanidins are found in wine?
B-type procyanidins
625
What type of procyanidins are found in grape seeds?
B-type procyanidins and Galleylated
626
Who is credited for the original slide referenced in the document?
Prof Jeremy Spencer
627
What is the chemical structure of a ketone group?
R2C=O, where R can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents
628
What are flavanols also known as?
Flavan-3-ols ## Footnote Flavanols are a type of flavonoid found in cocoa.
629
What is cocoa particularly rich in?
Flavonoids, specifically flavanols ## Footnote Cocoa contains various polyphenolic compounds, but flavanols are a significant component.
630
Which compounds do flavanols form complexes with?
Salivary proteins ## Footnote This interaction is responsible for the bitterness of cocoa.
631
List some health benefits of flavanols.
* Antioxidant activity * Vasodilation and blood pressure reduction * Inhibition of platelet activity * Decreased inflammation ## Footnote These benefits contribute to cardiovascular health.
632
What role do high-flavanol-containing foods play in health?
Heart and vascular protection ## Footnote Increasing evidence from studies supports this role.
633
What type of chocolate is suggested for health benefits?
Dark, less processed chocolate ## Footnote This type of chocolate is richer in flavanols.
634
True or False: Flavanols only have a bitter taste and no health benefits.
False ## Footnote Flavanols provide several health benefits beyond their taste.
635
Fill in the blank: Flavanols are responsible for _______ of cocoa.
the bitterness ## Footnote This characteristic is due to their complex formation with salivary proteins.
636
What is the significance of the studies mentioned regarding cocoa-derived products?
They suggest an important role in cardiovascular health ## Footnote Experimental and clinical studies have been conducted on high-flavanol foods.
637
Who contributed to the original slide about cocoa and flavonoids?
Prof Jeremy Spencer ## Footnote Acknowledgment was given in the content.
638
What are flavonoids?
Flavonoids are non-nutritive substances known for their cancer preventive effects
639
What is the significance of the video clip mentioned?
It showcases the cancer preventive effects of flavonoids and garlic based on the latest research
640
True or False: Flavonoids are a type of nutritive substance.
False
641
Fill in the blank: Flavonoids are known for their _______ effects.
cancer preventive
642
What type of research supports the claims about flavonoids?
Latest research
643
Where can one find the video clip related to flavonoids?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAfMJ6cHJ34
644
What are flavonoids known for in the context of antioxidants?
Flavonoids have a capacity to act as antioxidants. ## Footnote They protect the body against reactive oxygen species.
645
Which flavonoids are reported to be the most powerful in protecting against reactive oxygen species?
Flavones and catechins. ## Footnote They are particularly noted for their antioxidant properties.
646
What is the classical antioxidant property of quercetin linked to?
Presence of transition metal ion binding functions and specific chemical groups. ## Footnote The B-ring catechol group, unsaturation in the C-ring, and carbonyl group are important.
647
How do flavonoids stabilize reactive oxygen species?
By reacting with the reactive compound of the radical, resulting in a more stable, less-reactive radical. ## Footnote This process makes the radicals inactive.
648
What role do metal chelators play in the context of flavonoids?
They help in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). ## Footnote Fenton systems like Fe2+ and Cu+ are involved.
649
True or False: The mechanisms by which free radicals interfere with cellular functions are fully understood.
False. ## Footnote The mechanisms and sequence of events are not fully understood.
650
What structural feature of flavonoids contributes to their high reactivity?
The hydroxyl group. ## Footnote This feature allows flavonoids to effectively interact with and neutralize radicals.
651
Fill in the blank: Almost every group of flavonoids has a capacity to act as _______.
[antioxidants]. ## Footnote This highlights the broad protective role of flavonoids.
652
What is the classical antioxidant property of quercetin?
Contains a B-ring catechol group, unsaturation in the C-ring, and a carbonyl group ## Footnote Quercetin's structure allows it to act effectively as an antioxidant
653
What are powerful scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)?
Flavonoids ## Footnote They include flavones and catechins, known for their antioxidant properties
654
What is the role of transition metal ions in antioxidant properties?
They facilitate binding functions ## Footnote Transition metals can enhance the scavenging ability of flavonoids
655
What are Fenton systems?
Fe2+ cut and peroxide ## Footnote These systems generate reactive oxygen species
656
How do flavonoids stabilize reactive oxygen species?
By reacting with the reactive compound of the radical ## Footnote This reaction results in a more stable, less-reactive radical
657
What is the impact of hydroxyl groups in flavonoids?
They make radicals inactive due to high reactivity ## Footnote This is key to their antioxidant functionality
658
Which flavonoids are reported to be the most powerful against reactive oxygen species?
Flavones and catechins ## Footnote Their effectiveness in protecting the body is well-documented
659
True or False: The mechanisms by which free radicals interfere with cellular functions are fully understood.
False ## Footnote There is still ongoing research in this area
660
What are betalains?
Phytonutrients found in plants that give beets their red color ## Footnote Betalains include betacyanines and betaxanthines, which are associated with various health benefits.
661
What subclass were betalains originally thought to belong to?
Anthecyanidin subclass ## Footnote Betalains are actually a class of their own.
662
What are the two main types of betalains?
* Betacyanines * Betaxanthines ## Footnote Examples include betanine (red purple) and humilixanthin (yellow).
663
Where are betalains primarily found?
In beets ## Footnote Beets are a common source of betalains.
664
What health benefits are associated with betalains?
* Antioxidant support * Anti-inflammatory support * Detoxification support * Reducing cancer risk * Lessening tumor cell growth ## Footnote Studies have shown that betalains may contribute to these health benefits.
665
What is the pH stability range of betalains?
3 to 7 ## Footnote This stability makes betalains suitable for application in low-acid and neutral foods.
666
True or False: Betalains are unstable in acidic environments.
False ## Footnote Betalains are stable over a broad pH range.
667
What is associated with decreased systolic blood pressure according to the systematic review?
Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation ## Footnote This conclusion is drawn from a study involving 24 participants over 3 weeks.
668
What type of juice was compared to beetroot juice in the study?
Blackcurrant juice ## Footnote Participants were randomized into beetroot juice concentrate and blackcurrant juice groups.
669
What significant effect does beetroot juice have according to the findings?
Lowered daily systolic blood pressure ## Footnote This effect was observed in the participants consuming beetroot juice.
670
What independent effects were highlighted in the analysis of beetroot juice?
Potential NO-independent effects ## Footnote The study emphasizes that the blood pressure-lowering effects may occur without reliance on nitric oxide.
671
Fill in the blank: The systematic review and meta-analysis were published in Advances in Nutrition, Volume 8, Issue ____.
6
672
True or False: The study on beetroot juice involved more than 30 participants.
False ## Footnote Only 24 participants were involved in the study.
673
What was the publication date of the systematic review?
07 November 2017 ## Footnote This date marks the official publication of the findings.
674
What is the DOI of the systematic review on beetroot juice?
https://doi.org/10.3945/an.117.016717
675
What are the two forms of vitamin A available in the human diet?
Preformed vitamin A (retinol and retinyl ester) and provitamin A carotenoids ## Footnote Preformed vitamin A is directly usable by the body, while provitamin A carotenoids must be converted into retinol.
676
What are some examples of pro-vitamin A carotenoids?
* Alpha-carotene * Beta-carotene * Beta-crytoxanthur ## Footnote These carotenoids can be converted into retinol by the body.
677
Which carotenoids are not converted to retinol?
* Lutein * Lycopene * Zeaxanthin ## Footnote These carotenoids have other health benefits but do not contribute to vitamin A production.
678
In which types of foods are carotenoids primarily found?
Yellow and orange vegetables and fruits, and many dark green vegetables ## Footnote Examples include carrots, squash, sweet potatoes, spinach, broccoli, papayas, and apricots.
679
What functions does vitamin A serve in the body?
* Immune function * Vision * Reproduction * Cellular communication ## Footnote Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy vision and supporting the immune system.
680
Fill in the blank: Carotenoids are found in _______ and _______ vegetables and fruits.
yellow and orange
681
True or False: The body can convert plant pigments into vitamin A.
True ## Footnote This conversion allows individuals who consume plant-based diets to obtain necessary vitamin A.
682
What are carotenoids?
Non-nutritive substances found in higher plants ## Footnote Carotenoids include compounds such as lycopene and b-carotene, which are important for various biological functions.
683
Name two examples of carotenoids.
* Lycopene (found in tomatoes) * b-Carotene (found in carrots and sweet potatoes) ## Footnote These carotenoids are known for their antioxidant properties.
684
What role do carotenoids play in plants?
They are important free radical scavengers ## Footnote This helps reduce chloroplast production of singlet oxygen, which can be harmful.
685
How may carotenoids benefit humans?
They may act as free radical scavengers and have been linked to cancer prevention ## Footnote High intake of carotenoids is particularly associated with protective effects against prostate cancer.
686
True or False: Carotenoids are only beneficial for plants.
False ## Footnote Carotenoids also provide potential health benefits for humans, especially in reducing cancer risk.
687
Fill in the blank: Carotenoids may reduce chloroplast production of _______.
singlet oxygen
688
What types of plants do carotenoids cover?
* Trees * Shrubs * Flowering herbs * Ferns and fern relatives ## Footnote Carotenoids are found across a wide variety of plant species.
689
What are carotenoids?
Carotenoids are pigments found in plants that give color to fruits and vegetables.
690
Name a subclass of carotenoids.
Some subclasses of carotenoids include: * B-Carotene * Zeaxanthin * Lycopene * Astaxanthin
691
What color does B-Carotene give to carrots?
B-Carotene gives the orange color to carrots.
692
Where is lycopene predominantly found?
Lycopene occurs in tomatoes.
693
What molecule is responsible for the pink color of salmon?
Astaxanthin is the molecule responsible for the pink color of salmon.
694
In which vegetables is zeaxanthin found?
Zeaxanthin is found in green leafy vegetables.
695
True or False: Carotenoids are only colorants.
False
696
What additional property do carotenoids have besides being colorants?
Carotenoids are strong antioxidants in vitro.
697
Fill in the blank: Carotenoids are not only _______ but also strong antioxidants in vitro.
colourants
698
What is beta-cryptoxanthin?
A carotenoid that contributes yellow color to various foods such as orange, mango, tangerine, and sweet potatoes ## Footnote It is found in both plant foods and some yellow-colored animal products like egg yolk and butter.
699
Which class of carotenoids does beta-cryptoxanthin belong to?
Xanthophylls
700
How is beta-cryptoxanthin related to vitamin A?
It is converted to vitamin A (retinol) in the human body and is therefore considered a pro-vitamin A.
701
Which food contains the highest mole percentage of lutein?
Egg yolk and maize (corn)
702
What percentage of total lutein is found in maize?
60%
703
List some foods that contain substantial amounts of lutein.
* Kiwi fruit * Grapes * Spinach * Orange juice
704
What is the recommended dietary source for higher intake of lutein?
Dark green leafy vegetables
705
Fill in the blank: Carotenoids are a class of pigments that include _______.
xanthophylls
706
True or False: Beta-cryptoxanthin can be added to prepared mustards.
True
707
What are isothiocyanates?
Naturally occurring small molecules found in cruciferous vegetables
708
What type of activity do many isothiocyanates display?
Anticarcinogenic activity
709
How do isothiocyanates reduce the risk of cancer?
By reducing activation of carcinogens and increasing their detoxification
710
What recent studies show about isothiocyanates?
They exhibit anti-tumor activity by affecting multiple pathways
711
List some pathways affected by isothiocyanates.
* Apoptosis * Oxidative stress * Cell cycle progression
712
Which vegetables are rich in isothiocyanates?
* Cauliflower * Broccoli * Cabbage * Sprouts * Kale
713
True or False: Isothiocyanates are synthetic compounds.
False
714
Fill in the blank: Isothiocyanates are found in ______ vegetables.
[cruciferous]
715
What are phenolic acids?
Phenolic acids are among the most widely distributed plant non-flavonoid phenolic compounds present in the free.
716
What are two examples of phenolic acids?
* Caffeic acid * Ferulic acid
717
In which foods are phenolic acids abundant?
* Cereals * Legumes * Oilseeds * Fruits * Vegetables * Beverages * Herbs
718
What antioxidant activities do phenolic acids exert?
* Scavenging hydroxyl radical * Scavenging superoxide radical anion * Scavenging several organic radicals * Scavenging peroxyl radical * Scavenging peroxynitrite * Scavenging singlet oxygen
719
True or False: Phenolic acids act only as reducing agents.
False
720
What role do phenolic acids play in cell signaling pathways?
They are important compounds that change cell signaling pathways.
721
How do structural effects influence phenolic acids?
The importance of structural effects on the potency of antioxidant activity of phenolic acids is discussed.
722
Fill in the blank: Ferulic acid works to boost effects of other _______.
[antiOxs]
723
What health benefits are attributed to phenolic acids?
They partly attribute to the goodness of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, herbal beverages, and red wine in disease risk reduction and wellness.
724
What foods can phenolic acids be metabolized from?
Other flavonoids.
725
What are isoflavonoids?
Plant-derived compounds that can mimic estrogen in the body ## Footnote Isoflavonoids are a type of phytoestrogen.
726
Name two examples of isoflavonoids.
* Genistein * Daidzein ## Footnote These compounds are commonly found in soybeans and legumes.
727
What are phytoestrogens?
Plant compounds that can act like estrogen in the body ## Footnote They are often linked to health benefits.
728
Which foods are high in isoflavonoids?
* Soybean * Legumes ## Footnote These foods are significant sources of isoflavonoids.
729
What potential health benefits do isoflavonoids offer?
* Hormone regulation * Lower risk of some breast cancers * Bone health * Brain health * Immune function ## Footnote Isoflavonoids may also be beneficial during menopause.
730
True or False: Isoflavonoids can be helpful during menopause.
True ## Footnote They may alleviate some symptoms associated with menopause.
731
What are isoflavonoids?
Plant-derived compounds that can mimic estrogen in the body ## Footnote Isoflavonoids are a type of phytoestrogen.
732
Name two examples of isoflavonoids.
* Genistein * Daidzein ## Footnote These compounds are commonly found in soybeans and legumes.
733
What are phytoestrogens?
Plant compounds that can act like estrogen in the body ## Footnote They are often linked to health benefits.
734
Which foods are high in isoflavonoids?
* Soybean * Legumes ## Footnote These foods are significant sources of isoflavonoids.
735
What potential health benefits do isoflavonoids offer?
* Hormone regulation * Lower risk of some breast cancers * Bone health * Brain health * Immune function ## Footnote Isoflavonoids may also be beneficial during menopause.
736
True or False: Isoflavonoids can be helpful during menopause.
True ## Footnote They may alleviate some symptoms associated with menopause.
737
What is the fundamental principle regarding all substances?
All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy. ## Footnote This principle highlights the importance of dosage in pharmacology and toxicology.
738
Who is associated with the quote about poisons and remedies?
Paracelsus, 1493-1541 ## Footnote Paracelsus is known as the father of toxicology and emphasized the importance of dosage in determining the effects of substances.
739
Fill in the blank: The right dose differentiates a _______ from a remedy.
poison
740
True or False: There are substances that are inherently safe and not toxic at any dose.
False ## Footnote All substances can be toxic depending on the dose.
741
What era is Paracelsus associated with?
Age of Enlightenment

Nutrition (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions