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Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the heart and circulatory system?

A
  • Delivery of oxygen and nutrients
  • Removal of waste products i.e. carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes
  • Transport hormones from endocrine glands to target receptors
  • Maintenance of body temperature and pH

These functions are essential for homeostasis and overall health.

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2
Q

Fill in the blank: The circulatory system is responsible for the delivery of _______ and nutrients.

A

oxygen

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3
Q

True or False: The circulatory system removes only carbon dioxide as a waste product.

A

False

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4
Q

What hormones does the circulatory system transport?

A

Hormones from endocrine glands to target receptors

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: One function of the circulatory system is the maintenance of body temperature and _______.

A

pH

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6
Q

What is the human heart?

A

A hollow, muscular organ located in the middle of the chest

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7
Q

What is the approximate size of the human heart?

A

About the size of a clenched fist

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8
Q

What is the weight range of the human heart?

A

280-340g (10-12oz)

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9
Q

How many times does the human heart beat each minute?

A

About 72 times

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10
Q

How much blood does the human heart pump throughout the body each minute?

A

5 litres

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The human heart is located in the ______.

A

middle of the chest

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12
Q

True or False: The human heart weighs less than 280 grams.

A

False

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13
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

2 ATRIA and 2 VENTRICLES

The atria receive blood, while the ventricles send blood out.

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14
Q

What is the function of the atria in the heart?

A

Receive blood

Atria are smaller as they only need to pump blood into the ventricles.

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15
Q

What is the function of the ventricles in the heart?

A

Send out blood

Ventricles have thicker walls to pump blood to the lungs or the rest of the body.

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16
Q

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping blood into the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

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17
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A

Left ventricle

The left ventricle has a thicker wall to effectively send blood throughout the body.

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18
Q

True or False: The atria have thicker walls than the ventricles.

A

False

Atria are smaller and have thinner walls compared to the thicker-walled ventricles.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ receive blood from the body and lungs.

A

atria

Atria are responsible for receiving blood before it is pumped into the ventricles.

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20
Q

What are the two types of chambers in the heart?

A

Atria and Ventricles

The heart consists of two atria and two ventricles, each with distinct functions.

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21
Q

What is the primary role of the left atrium?

A

Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs

The left atrium collects oxygen-rich blood before it is sent to the left ventricle.

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22
Q

What distinguishes the ventricles from the atria?

A

Thicker walls

Ventricles have to pump blood out of the heart, requiring stronger muscular walls.

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23
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

Away from the heart

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body’s tissues.

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24
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A

Towards the heart

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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25
What does 'pulmonary' refer to?
Lungs ## Footnote The term 'pulmonary' is associated with the lungs and the respiratory system.
26
What is the main function of the aorta?
The aorta carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body. ## Footnote The aorta is the largest artery in the body.
27
Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?
Right atrium ## Footnote The right atrium collects blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae.
28
Name the four chambers of the heart.
* Right atrium * Right ventricle * Left atrium * Left ventricle ## Footnote Each chamber has a distinct function in the circulation of blood.
29
What is the role of the pulmonary artery?
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. ## Footnote This is crucial for gas exchange.
30
Fill in the blank: The _______ carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Pulmonary vein ## Footnote The pulmonary veins are responsible for returning oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.
31
Which vessels return deoxygenated blood to the heart?
* Superior vena cava * Inferior vena cava ## Footnote These veins channel blood from the upper and lower parts of the body, respectively.
32
True or False: The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs.
False ## Footnote The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, not the lungs.
33
What is the primary function of the left atrium?
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. ## Footnote It acts as a holding chamber before the blood moves to the left ventricle.
34
What type of blood does the right ventricle pump?
Deoxygenated blood ## Footnote The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
35
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs ## Footnote The pulmonary artery is crucial for gas exchange in the lungs.
36
What type of blood is carried by the aorta?
Oxygenated blood to the body ## Footnote The aorta is the largest artery in the body.
37
What is the role of the vena cava?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the body ## Footnote The vena cava consists of the superior and inferior vena cava.
38
What is the purpose of the pulmonary vein?
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs ## Footnote There are four pulmonary veins, two from each lung.
39
Fill in the blank: The right atrium receives _______ blood from the body.
deoxygenated
40
Fill in the blank: The left atrium receives _______ blood from the lungs.
oxygenated
41
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle ## Footnote The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery.
42
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the body?
Left ventricle ## Footnote The left ventricle is the strongest chamber, responsible for systemic circulation.
43
True or False: The left atrium receives deoxygenated blood.
False ## Footnote The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
44
What is the sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the body?
Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta ## Footnote This sequence describes the complete circuit of blood flow in the heart.
45
What is the function of heart valves?
Prevent backflow of blood ## Footnote Valves ensure that blood flows in one direction through the heart and vessels.
46
What separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve ## Footnote The tricuspid valve prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
47
What separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve ## Footnote Also known as the mitral valve, it prevents backflow into the left atrium.
48
What are the two types of semilunar valves?
* Aortic semilunar valve * Pulmonary semilunar valve ## Footnote These valves prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artery into the ventricles.
49
What is regurgitation in the context of heart valves?
Backflow of blood ## Footnote This occurs when damaged valves fail to close properly.
50
What are the leaflets of a valve?
Little flaps that open and close ## Footnote Leaflets regulate blood flow through the valves.
51
What are coronary antennae?
The little strings at the bottom of the valves ## Footnote They help support the valve leaflets.
52
True or False: Semilunar valves are one-way valves.
True ## Footnote Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the heart.
53
What is the first step in blood flow through the heart?
De-oxygenated blood is returned from muscles/organs via the superior/inferior vena cava to the RA
54
What happens to blood after it enters the right atrium (RA)?
Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle (RV)
55
What is the role of the right ventricle (RV) in blood circulation?
Blood is pumped from the RV into the pulmonary artery to the lungs
56
Where does blood get oxygenated?
In the lungs
57
Fill in the blank: De-oxygenated blood is returned from muscles/organs via the _______.
superior/inferior vena cava
58
True or False: Blood enters the right ventricle before passing through the tricuspid valve.
False
59
What valve does blood pass through after the right atrium?
Tricuspid valve
60
Fill in the blank: Blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the _______ to reach the lungs.
pulmonary artery
61
What is the path of oxygenated blood after it exits the lungs?
Oxygenated blood exits the lungs via the pulmonary veins and passes into the LA ## Footnote LA stands for left atrium.
62
What valve does blood pass through from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve ## Footnote The bicuspid valve is also known as the mitral valve.
63
Where does blood go after leaving the left ventricle?
Blood leaves the LV via the aorta and is sent to muscles and organs around the body ## Footnote LV stands for left ventricle.
64
True or False: Blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
False ## Footnote Blood passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve, not the tricuspid valve.
65
Fill in the blank: Oxygenated blood exits the lungs via the _______.
pulmonary veins ## Footnote Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
66
What is the function of the left ventricle in the cardiovascular system?
Sends blood to the whole body at higher pressure and greater distance.
67
What type of blood does the pulmonary circuit carry?
Oxygen poor, CO2 rich blood.
68
What type of blood does the systemic circuit carry?
Oxygen rich, CO2 poor blood.
69
True or False: The cardiovascular system is an open system.
False
70
Fill in the blank: The cardiovascular system is a _______ system.
closed
71
What are the two main circuits of the cardiovascular system?
* Pulmonary Circuit * Systemic Circuit
72
What is the general function of the vascular loop?
Facilitates blood flow through the heart, lungs, and body.
73
What is the function of the left ventricle in the cardiovascular system?
Sends blood to the whole body at higher pressure and greater distance.
74
What type of blood does the pulmonary circuit carry?
Oxygen poor, CO2 rich blood.
75
What type of blood does the systemic circuit carry?
Oxygen rich, CO2 poor blood.
76
True or False: The cardiovascular system is an open system.
False
77
Fill in the blank: The cardiovascular system is a _______ system.
closed
78
What are the two main circuits of the cardiovascular system?
* Pulmonary Circuit * Systemic Circuit
79
What is the general function of the vascular loop?
Facilitates blood flow through the heart, lungs, and body.
80
What is the term for the heart's ability to generate its own electrical signal?
AUTOCONDUCTION ## Footnote This property allows the heart to initiate contractions without external stimulation.
81
What is the role of the Sinoatrial node (SA)?
It triggers action potentials that propagate throughout both atria. ## Footnote The SA node is located in the right atrial wall and acts as the primary pacemaker.
82
What is the function of the Atrioventricular node (AV)?
Slows the action potential to allow time for atria to empty blood into ventricles. ## Footnote The AV node is located in the interatrial septum.
83
What are the components of the cardiac conduction system?
* Sinoatrial node (SA) * Atrioventricular node (AV) * AV bundle (bundle of HIS) * Bundle branches * Purkinje fibers ## Footnote These components work together to coordinate heart contractions.
84
What are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that can self-excite called?
Autorhythmic fibers ## Footnote These fibers generate action potentials that trigger heart contractions.
85
What happens when the action potential reaches the Purkinje fibers?
It conducts the action potential from the apex upwards to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium. ## Footnote This ensures the ventricles contract effectively.
86
Fill in the blank: The action potential enters the AV bundle, also known as the _______.
bundle of HIS ## Footnote This structure is crucial for transmitting the action potential from the atria to the ventricles.
87
True or False: The cardiac conduction system relies solely on external signals to trigger heart contractions.
False ## Footnote The heart has intrinsic mechanisms to generate electrical signals.
88
What is the significance of the AV bundle in the cardiac conduction system?
It transmits the action potential from the AV node to the bundle branches. ## Footnote This function is essential for ensuring coordinated ventricular contraction.
89
What does an ECG measure?
Electrical impulses in the heart ## Footnote An ECG pattern represents the electrical signal in the heart.
90
What is the stable resting membrane potential of contractile fibres in the heart?
-90mV ## Footnote This stable resting membrane potential is crucial for heart function.
91
What happens during depolarisation?
Gets more positive ## Footnote This change in electrical charge is essential for action potentials.
92
What generates the electrical currents detected by an ECG?
Action potentials propagating through the heart ## Footnote These currents can be detected at the surface of the body.
93
What does the P wave represent in an ECG?
Atrial depolarisation ## Footnote This indicates the electrical activity in the atria.
94
What does the P-Q/R interval indicate?
Atrial excitation to ventricular excitation ## Footnote It is the time for action potential to travel from SA node through atria to AV node.
95
What does the QRS complex signify?
Firing of AV node and ventricular depolarisation ## Footnote It also includes atrial repolarisation.
96
What is represented by the S-T segment?
Time when ventricular contractile fibres are depolarised ## Footnote This corresponds to ventricle systole/contraction and may be elevated in acute myocardial infarction.
97
What does the T wave represent in an ECG?
Ventricular repolarisation ## Footnote This indicates the recovery phase of the ventricles.
98
What is the Q-T interval?
From beginning of ventricular depolarisation to end of repolarisation ## Footnote This interval is important for assessing the heart's electrical activity.
99
What occurs after atrial depolarisation?
Atrial systole occurs, causing the atria to contract and pressure rises in atria ## Footnote This forces blood through open AV valves.
100
What happens during ventricular depolarisation?
Ventricular systole occurs, leading to ventricles contracting and pressure in ventricles rising ## Footnote This pushes back on AV valves causing them to close.
101
What is isovolumetric contraction?
All valves are shut during this phase ## Footnote It occurs after ventricular systole.
102
What happens when pressure in ventricles rises above aortic pressure?
SL valves open, forcing blood into aorta and pulmonary artery ## Footnote This process is known as ventricular ejection.
103
What does T represent in the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular repolarisation ## Footnote This causes ventricular diastole, leading to relaxation.
104
What occurs during ventricular diastole?
Pressure in ventricles falls, allowing higher pressure in aorta and pulmonary artery to close SL valves ## Footnote This is followed by isovolumetric relaxation.
105
What happens during isovolumetric relaxation?
All four valves are closed ## Footnote This occurs as ventricles relax.
106
What causes the AV valves to open during ventricular filling?
Atrial pressure becomes higher than ventricular pressure ## Footnote This allows blood that has been filling atria during ventricular systole to enter the ventricles.

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