Alcohol Metabolism

Question 1

Name 5 types of alcohol.

Answer 1

• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Propanol
• Butanol
• Pentanol

Question 2

What is the simplest alcohol?

Answer 2

Methanol (CH3-OH)

Question 3

Because it is small and because of the hydroxyl group, ethanol is soluble in what environments?

Answer 3

Aqueous & lipid environments

Question 4

What is the most common type of alcohol consumed in alcoholic beverages?

Answer 4

Ethanol

Question 5

Which type of alcohol can pass freely into body cells (no transporter)

Answer 5

Ethanol

Question 6

Primary catabolic route of ethanol in non-alcoholics, utilizes what enzymes in liver?

Answer 6

Alcohol & aldehyde dehydrogenases

• known as ADH & ALDH enzymes

Question 7

What is the end product of the primary catabolic route in non-alcoholics?

Answer 7

Acetyl CoA -> TCA Cycle

• or forms Fatty acids

Question 8

What is the secondary catabolic route all so known as?

Answer 8

MEOS CYP2E1 - microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

Question 9

Secondary catabolic route is upregulated in

Answer 9

Alcoholics

Question 10

Secondary catabolic route utilizes what?

Answer 10

Oxygen & NADPH + H+

Question 11

In the secondary catabolic route what undergoes oxidation?

Answer 11

Fatty acids

Question 12

Secondary catabolic route produces damaging by products such as: (3)

Answer 12

• Lipid hydroperoxides
• Superoxides
• Hydroxyl radicals

Question 13

When the process of ethanol catabolism doesn’t continue to Acetyl CoA, reactive acetylaldehyde can bind to …

Answer 13

Proteins (usually lysine portion) & forms an adduct

Question 14

Adducts can cause major damage to cells and may induce what?

Answer 14

Harmful immune response

Question 15

A highly reactive oxygen radical that participates in adduct formation

Answer 15

HER: Hydroxyethyl radical

Question 16

A reactive molecule that is generated during lipid peroxidation and participates in adduct formation

Answer 16

HNE: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal

MDA: Malondialdehyde

Question 17

Compounds that contain MDA plus acetaldehyde plus protein components

Answer 17

MAA: Mixed MDA-acetaldehyde-protein adducts

Question 18

Proteins that appear to be preferentially modified by aldehydes include: (6)

Answer 18

• Hemoglobin
• Albumin
• Tubulin
• Lipoproteins
• Collagen
• Ketosteroid reductase

Question 19

A component of cell structures called microtubules that are essential for cell division as well as for the secretion and transport of proteins within the cells.

Answer 19

Tubulin

Question 20

Key to digestion, it influences the production of bile acid biosynthesis

Answer 20

Ketosteroid reductase

Question 21

Folate + B12 + B6 =>

Answer 21

SAM

Question 22

What are the micronutrients required for alcohol metabolism? (4)

Answer 22

• Folate + B12 + B6 -> SAM
• Niacin = NAD
• Zinc
• Antioxidants (ACES: Vit. A, Vit. C, Vit. E, Selenium)

Question 23

List 5 enzyme systems that combat adducts and oxidative stress.

Answer 23

• SAM
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Glutathione (GSH)
• SOD
• Catalase

Question 24

What 2 enzyme systems can decrease adduct formation?

Answer 24

Phosphatidylcholine & Glutathione (GSH)

Question 25

What enzyme removes hydrogen peroxide, with the by product being water?

Answer 25

Catalase

Question 26

With excess ETOH intake what can occur?

Answer 26

Fatty liver

Question 27

If ETOH intake continues with fatty liver, it can further lead to ...?

Answer 27

Fibrosis & cirrhosis of the liver

Question 28

Fatty liver, fibrosis & cirrhosis of the liver could be attenuated by what?

Answer 28

Phosphatidylcholine (aka lecithin)

Question 29

What are 4 symptoms of ETOH toxicity "Hangover"

Answer 29

- Dehydration - GI Upset - Circadian Rhythm Alteration and Sleep Disorders - Headache

Question 30

Dehydration is from the decreased release of what hormone, that regulates salt and water balance.

Answer 30

Aldosterone

Question 31

Decrease release of aldosterone from dehydration results in?

Answer 31

Hypoglycemia & Acidosis

Question 32

Drop in NAD+ /NADH ration is due to

Answer 32

Dehydration

Question 33

Dehydration leads to accumulation of

Answer 33

Lactic acid

Question 34

Dehydration lowers production of _____, which causes mood changes, & general body weakness.

Answer 34

Glucose

Question 35

Low alcohol content beverages stimulate what?

Answer 35

Stomach acid production

Question 36

How do hard drinks (>20 vol%) cause GI upset?

Answer 36

Irritate stomach lining and cause inflammation

Question 37

What leads to stomach and abdominal pains, nausea, & vomiting?

Answer 37

Increased pancreatic secretions combined with increased intestinal activity.

Question 38

Headache symptom of Hangover results from alcohol causing ... & influencing ...

Answer 38

- Vasodilation of small blood vessels, thins the blood | - Influences neurotransmittes such as histamine, serotonin, prostoglandins.

Question 39

The rise in what following drinking may be the true culprit of hangover symptoms?

Answer 39

Acetylaldehyde concentration

Question 40

1 drink per day of red wine is associated with what?

Answer 40

Increased HDL cholesterol

Question 41

Red wine may prevent what?

Answer 41

Oxidation of lipoproteins

Question 42

Red wine, white wine, and grape juice were all equally able to ...., where as alcohol by itself was ineffective.

Answer 42

Preserve antioxidant potential