Nutritional Genomics

Question 1

The relationship between our nutrition status and our genetic makeup.

Answer 1

Nutritional Genomics

Question 2

How an individual’s genetics affects utilization and response to dietary component

Answer 2

Nutrigenetics

Question 3

How dietary components affect expression of genetic information.

Answer 3

Nutrigenomics

Question 4

Affects absorption, metabolism, utilization of a nutrient. Can increase or decrease disease risk.

Answer 4

Genetic variant

Question 5

Major protein that makes up high density lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 5

Apo A-1

Question 6

When there is a polymorphism on the genes that express Apo A-1, it changes how the individual responds to …

Answer 6

Dietary fat

• MUFAs stabilize HDL

Question 7

PUFAs decrease HDL levels -75% of population

Answer 7

Homozygous G (GG)

Question 8

PUFAs increase HDL levels

Answer 8

Homozygous A (AA) & Heterozygous (GA)

Question 9

Where is Apo E protein present? (4)

Answer 9

• Chylomicrons
• Chylomicron remnants
• VLDL
• HDL

Question 10

What are the 3 main alleles that code for the Apo E protein?

Answer 10

• E2
• E3
• E4

Question 11

Results in lower than average cholesterol

Answer 11

E2

Question 12

What allele that codes for Apo E protein that results in: increased risk of diabetes, decreased protective effects of moderate drinking, & increased health risks with smoking.

Answer 12

E4

Question 13

What is the enzyme responsible for methionine formation from homocysteine?

Answer 13

MTHFR: methyl-tetrahydrofolate reductase

Question 14

C677T & A1298C both are enzyme MTHFR variants and have been investigated in relation to …

Answer 14

Cancer susceptibility

Question 15

The C677 C->T variant occurs in 8 - 15% of the population and results in a reduction of what?

Answer 15

MTHFR activity

Question 16

Has “normal” MTHFR activity

Answer 16

Homozygous (CC)

Question 17

45% reduction in MTHFR activity

Answer 17

Heterozygous (CT)

Question 18

70% decrease of MTHFR activity

Answer 18

Homozygous for the MTHFR T variant (TT)

Question 19

Persons with the TT genotype have low levels of _____ & ________ in the blood.

Answer 19

Folate & Vitamin B12

Question 20

The TT genotype results in increased …

Answer 20

homocysteine

Question 21

Nutrigenomics is also known as …

Answer 21

Epigenetics

Question 22

Set factors that affect gene expression & influenced by dietary/ lifestyle factors; factors outside genetics alone

Answer 22

Epigenetics

Question 23

What is an example of epigenetic modification?

Answer 23

DNA Methylation

Question 24

List the dietary factors influencing methylation.

Answer 24

• Alcohol - Methionine
• Arsenic - Pholyphenols
• Betanine - Selenium
• Choline - Vitamin A
• Fiber - Vitamin B6
• Folate - Vitamin B12
• Genestein - Zinc

Question 25

What does alcohol decrease?

Answer 25

DNA methylation

Question 26

Alcohol inhibits ____ ___ conversion to DHF, used to bring ____ ___ in to the ____ cycle.

Answer 26

Folic acid; folate cycle

Question 27

Decrease in DNA methylation inhibits _______ _______, which uses folate/B12 to convert homocysteine to methionine.

Answer 27

Methionine synthase

Question 28

Decrease in DNA methylation by alcohol inhibits ..., which uses ATP to convert methionine to SAM.

Answer 28

Methionine adenosyl transferase

Question 29

Decreases in DNA methylation due to alcohol inhibits ..., which transfers methyl group to form SAM to DNA.

Answer 29

DNA methyl transferase

Question 30

What term denotes compounds that help catalyze the breakdown of fat molecules in the body?

Answer 30

Lipotropes

Question 31

Dietary methyl donors and cofactors that play key roles in 1-carbon metabolism.

Answer 31

Lipotropic nutrients

Question 32

List 4 lipotropic nutrients.

Answer 32

- Methionine - Choline - Folate - Betaine

Question 33

Dietary lipotropes influence the availability of ...

Answer 33

SAM

Question 34

Dietary lipotropes influence the availability of SAM which may influence ... (2 things)

Answer 34

- genomic DNA methylation patterns | - the expression of multiple cancer-related genes

Question 35

Methylation in maternal diet can modify what of the offspring?

Answer 35

Phenotype

Question 36

What is the result when the agouti mouse's diet is very low in DNA Methylation?

Answer 36

An overweight offspring with a light-colored coat

Question 37

What is the result when the agouti mouse's diet is very high in DNA Methylation?

Answer 37

A normal weight offspring with a dark coat

Question 38

In mice with the same genotype modified epigenotype in utero results in ...

Answer 38

different phenotype

Question 39

In Nutrigenomics recommendations are based upon an individual's ...

Answer 39

genetic makeup