Alcohols Flashcards by Etin <3

Q

Alcohols:

What are Alcohols?

A

Organic mol containing a hydroxl group (OH-)

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Q

Alcohols:

What’s the General Formula of an Alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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Q

Alcohols:

Why are Alcohols reactive?

A

They’re Polar mol
↳ soluble in water → forms H bonds w water & each other

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Q

Alcohols:

What’s the relationship between Carbon Chain Length & Solubility?

A

As C length increases,solubility decreases

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Q

Alcohols:

Why’s the relationship between Carbon Chain Length & Solubility?

A

Longer chain = more disruption in making H bonds
↳ solubility decreases

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Q

Alcohols:

Why do Alkanes have a lower Bp than Alcohols?

A

Alcohols have a OH functional group
↳ undergoes H bonding : requires more heat to break

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Combustion of an Alcohol?

A

Alcohols burn in oxygen & release carbon dioxide & water

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Equation of the Combustion of an Alcohol?

A

Alcohol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Oxidation of an Alcohol?

A

Alcohols are oxidised by Potassium Dichromate solution (K2Cr2O7) acidified w diluted sulphyruc acid

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Oxidising Agent in the Oxidation of an Alcohol?

A

Potassium Dichromate Solution

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Catalyst in the Oxidation of an Alcohol?

A

Diluted Surphuric Acid

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

What’s the Dehydration of an Alcohol?

A

Alcohols can lose water to form an alkene in an elimination reaction

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions

How are Halogenoalkanes formed w Alcohols?

A

Alcohols react further w specific reagents

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

How are Chloroalkanes formed?

A

Alcohol + PCl5
Alcohol + HCl

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

What’s the Equation for the formation of Chloroalkanes?

(using PCl5)

A

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

What’s the Equation for the formation of Chloroalkanes?

(using HCl)

A

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

When’s the Reaction w Alcohol & HCl the fastest?

A

When the alcohol is a tertiary structure

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Chloroalkanes

When’s the Reaction w Alcohol & HCl the slowest?

A

When the alcohol is a primary structure

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

How are Bromoalkanes formed?

A

Alcohols + 50% KBr & 50% H2SO4

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

In what type of Reaction are Bromoalkanes formed?

A

Substitution Reaction

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What happens in this Substitution Reaction?

A

Hydroxl group is replaced by Bromide
↳ alcohol is transformed into a Bromoalkane

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What’s the 1st Step in this Reaction?

A

Potassium Bromide reacts w Sulfuric Acid
↳ forming a Hydrogen Bromide

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What’s the Equation for this 1st Step?

A

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Q

Alcohols: Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes

What’s the 2nd Step in this Reaction?

A

Hydrogen Bromide reacts w the Alcohol
↳ forming a Bromoalkane + Water

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# **Alcohols:** Alcohol Reactions; Bromoalkanes What's the Equation for this 2nd Step?

# **Alcohols:** Alcohol Reactions; Iodoalkanes How are Iodoalkanes formed?

Alcohol + PI3

# **Alcohols:** Alcohol Reactions; Iodoalkanes What's PI3?

Red Phosphorous & Iodine

# **Alcohols:** Alcohol Reactions; Iodoalkanes Where's PI3 made?

In Situ (within reaction mixture) ↳ refluxing Red Phosphorous & Iodine

# **Alcohols:** Alcohol Reactions; Iodoalkanes What's the Equation for the formation Iodoalkanes?

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols What are Primary Alcohols oxidised into?

* Aldehydes * Carboxylic Acids

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols What are Secondary Alcohols oxidised into?

* Ketones

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols What are Tertiary Alcohols oxidised into?

They can't be oxidised

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols, Aldehydes How would you Identify an Aldehyde?

Has a H & alkyl group attached to carbonyl carbon atom

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols, Aldehydes What's an Example of an Aldehyde? | ( ending 'al')

Propanal

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols, Ketones How would you identify a Ketone?

Has 2 alkyl groups attached to carbonyl carbon atom

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols, Ketone What's an Example of a Ketone? | ( ending 'one' )

Propanone

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols How would u test whether a compound is an Aldehyde or Ketone?

* Benedict's solution * Fehling's solution

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols What's the Positive result if solution is heated for an Aldehyde?

Goes from blue into a brick-red precipitate ↳ copper (II) ions are reduced to copper (I) oxide

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols What's the Positive result if a solution is heated for a Ketone?

Nothing occurs ↳ Ketones can't be easily oxidised

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols What's the Eq for the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols into a Aldehyde & Carboxylic Acid?

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols Which Technique is used to Oxidise an Alcohol into an Aldehyde?

Distil

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols How would you extract an Aldehyde through Distillation?

Use minimal oxidising agent ↳ aldehyde is distilled off immediately ↳ has lower temp than alcohol

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols How would you identify an Aldehyde by Smell? | (colourless)

Has 'apple' smelling aroma

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols Which Technique is used to Oxidise an Alcohol into a Carboxylic Acid?

Reflux

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols How would u extract a Carboxylic Acid throught Refluxing?

Heat alcohol vigorously w excess oxiding agent

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols How would you identify a Carboxylic Acid by Smell?

Has similar smell to 'vinegar'

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols What's the Eq when Oxidising an Alcohol into a Ketone?

# **Alcohols:** Oxidation of Alcohols What's the only way to Oxidise a Tertiary Alcohol?

By burning it

# **Alcohols:** Dehydration What happens when an Alcohol is Dehydrated?

Alkene formed by eliminating water

# **Alcohols:** Dehydration What are the Reagents/Catalyst for Alcohol Dehydration?

Alcohol mixed w Phosphoric acid/ acid catalyst w heat

# **Alcohols:** Dehydration What's an Example of this reaction?

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques Which Components are used in Refluxing?

* Condenser * Round Bottomed flask * Anti-bumping granules * Heat

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques What's used as a Heat source in Refluxing? Why?

Water Bath * Safety * Prevents spitting * Mixes sample equally

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques Which Components are used in Distillation?

* Condenser * Heat

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques What's the Heat source used in Distillation? Why?

Water Bath ↳ can be set at a specific temp

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques What's the Separation apparatus setup?

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques What can be used to remove traces of Water from a Mixture?

Drying agent/ Anhydrous Salt (solid)

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques Which Drying Agents can be used to remove Water traces from a Mixture?

* CaCl2 * MgSO4

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques How do Drying Agents function?

Bind to water & become hydrated

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques How can a Drying Agent be removed from a Mixture?

Filtered ↳ drying agent = top of filter paper as its solid

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques How would u Determine the Purity of a compound?

Measure its bp ↳ impure has higher/lower bp than recorded value

# **Alcohols:** Organic Techniques Why would a compound be Impure?

* Sample is impure * Incorrect sample used