Introduction to Carbon Compounds Flashcards by Etin <3

Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What are Hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that are made up of Hydrogen & Carbon

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What is meant by Homologous Series/Family?

A

When compounds have the same functional group but different carbon chain lengths

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What is a Functional Group?

A

Most reactive part of any compound
* carries out all reactions

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is meant by the term ‘Saturated Hydrocarbon’?

A

Compounds that only have single carbon bond

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is the Saturated HC positive test with Br water?

A

No change
↳ Br water remains orange

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is meant by the term ‘Unsaturated Hydrocarbon’

A

Compounds that contain at least 1 C=C bond

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is the Unsaturated HC positive test with Br water?

A

Goes from orange to colourless
↳ C=C bond is broken

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Alkanes

(General Formula)

A

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Alkenes

(General Formula)

A

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Seriees

Alcohols

(General Formula)

A

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Reactivity Increases as you go down

A

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Molecular Formula?

A

Ratio of atoms in an element within a compound

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is an Empirical Formula?

A

Smallest whole number ratio

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Displayed Formula?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged & all the bonds between them

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Structural Formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens & functional groups

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Skeletal Formula?

A

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Methane

A

1

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Ethane

A

2

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Propane

A

3

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Butane

A

4

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Pentane

A

5

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Hexane

A

6

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Heptane

A

7

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Octane

A

8

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# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Methyl

# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Ethyl

# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Propyl

# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Butyl

# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Duplications | (Used if there's a duplication of any side group)

* Mono (1) * Di (2) * Tri (3)

# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is an Addition Reaction? | (add 2 things)

The joining of two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is a Polymerisation Reaction? | (add with no waste)

Joining together lots of simple molecules to form a giant molecule

# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is an Elimination Reaction? | (remove)

When a small group of atoms break away from a larger molecule

# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is a Substitution Reaction? | (swapping)

When one species is replaced by another

# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is shown in a 'Reaction' ?

* Which components react * Equation

# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is shown in a 'Mechanism' ?

* Movement of electrons ↳ through curly arrows

# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry Nucleophile | (electron pair donors)

Something that donates electrons to something else | eg. H is donates electrons to O in OH

# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry What are Nucleophiles attracted to?

The C (δ+) in a polar bond

# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry What charge are Nucleophiles?

Often negatively charged ↳ contain a lone pair

# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry What is an Electrophile? | (electron pair acceptors)

Something that takes electrons from something else

# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry What charge are Electrophiles?

Often positively charged (H+) ↳ react w negative ions

# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagets in Organic Chemistry What is a Radical?

Unpaired electron

# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry How reactive are Radicals?

Very reactive ↳ can react w anything

# **Carbon Compounds:** What are Isomers? | (usually branched)

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure | e.g Butane & 2-Methyl-Propane

# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism What is meant by the term 'Chain Isomerism'?

When the carbon skeleton could be arranged differently

# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism Name an example of Chain Isomerism

* Butane * 2 Methyl-Propane

# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism What is meant by the term 'Positional Isomerism'?

When the functional group could be the same but they're attached to a different carbon atom

# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism Name an exmaple of Positional Isomerism

* Butan-1-ol * Butan-2-ol

# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism What is meant by the term 'Functional Group Isomerism'?

When the same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups

# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism Name an example of Functional Isomerism

* Butanoic Acid * Methyl Propanoate

# **Carbon Compounds:** Cycloalkanes (Cycle) What are Cycloalkanes?

Saturated HC that exist as ring structures

# **Carbon Compounds:** Bond Breaking (exo) in Organic Chemistry What is meant by 'Homolytic Fission'? | (homo = equal)

Bond breaks evenly, each atom receives 1 electron ↳ 2 radicals are formed * Radicals wont react w anything else

# **Carbon Compounds:** Bond Breaking (exo) in Organic Chemistry What is meant by 'Heterolytic Fission'? | (hetero = different)

Bond breaks unevenly, 1 atom receives both electrons ↳ ions formed

# **Carbon Compounds:** Alkanes are Useful as Fuels What's the Complete Combustion of an Alkane?

# **Carbon Compounds:** Alkanes are Useful as Fuels What's the Incomplete Combustion of an Alkane?

# **Carbon Compounds:** Harmful Emissions Name 2 Harmful Emissions

***Carbon Monoxide*** * Toxic * Blacksmoke ***Sulphur Dioxide + Oxides of Nitrogen*** * Acid Rain

# **Carbon Compounds:** Catalytic Converters Remove Pollutants What do cars have to reduce Car Emissions?

A platinum catalyst to remove particulates ↳ unreactive transition metal

# **Carbon Compounds:** Catalytic Converters Remove Pollutants How do Catalytic Converters help remove Car Emissions?

Cars have Catalytic Converters that take (NOx) & (COx) & conmvert it to Nitrogen & Carbon Dioxide

# **Carbon Compounds:** Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable Name 3 Fossil Fuels used

* Coal * Oil * Gas

# **Carbon Compounds:** Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable Why do we use Fossil Fuels? | (advantages)

* They're easily extracted * Produces lots of heat

# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable sources Why do we use Biofuels as alternatives to Fossil Fuels? | (advantages)

* They're made from living matter * Produce a lot of heat

# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable sources What is Bioethanol?

Ethanol made by fermantation of sugar ↳ from crops such as maize

# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable Sources What is Biodiesel?

Refining renewable fats & oil ## Footnote e.g vegetable oil

# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable sources What is Biogas?

The breakdown of organic waste matter

# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable sources Why don't we use Biofuels as car fuels?

Switching between the two means that car engine would require modification to use high ethanol concentration ↳ lots of crops will be needed to grow for fuels