Introduction to Carbon Compounds Flashcards by Etin <3 | Brainscape

Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What are Hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that are made up of Hydrogen & Carbon

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What is meant by Homologous Series/Family?

A

When compounds have the same functional group but different carbon chain lengths

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What is a Functional Group?

A

Most reactive part of any compound
* carries out all reactions

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is meant by the term ‘Saturated Hydrocarbon’?

A

Compounds that only have single carbon bond

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is the Saturated HC positive test with Br water?

A

No change
↳ Br water remains orange

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is meant by the term ‘Unsaturated Hydrocarbon’

A

Compounds that contain at least 1 C=C bond

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is the Unsaturated HC positive test with Br water?

A

Goes from orange to colourless
↳ C=C bond is broken

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Alkanes

(General Formula)

A

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Alkenes

(General Formula)

A

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Seriees

Alcohols

(General Formula)

A

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Reactivity Increases as you go down

A

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Molecular Formula?

A

Ratio of atoms in an element within a compound

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is an Empirical Formula?

A

Smallest whole number ratio

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Displayed Formula?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged & all the bonds between them

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Structural Formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens & functional groups

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Skeletal Formula?

A

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Methane

A

1

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Ethane

A

2

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Propane

A

3

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Butane

A

4

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Pentane

A

5

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Hexane

A

6

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Heptane

A

7

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Octane

A

8

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Methyl

A

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Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Ethyl

A

Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Propyl

A

Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Butyl

A

Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Duplications

(Used if there’s a duplication of any side group)

A

Mono (1)
Di (2)
Tri (3)

Q

Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions

What is an Addition Reaction?

(add 2 things)

A

The joining of two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

Q

Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions

What is a Polymerisation Reaction?

(add with no waste)

A

Joining together lots of simple molecules to form a giant molecule

Q

Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions

What is an Elimination Reaction?

(remove)

A

When a small group of atoms break away from a larger molecule

Q

Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions

What is a Substitution Reaction?

(swapping)

A

When one species is replaced by another

Q

Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions

What is shown in a ‘Reaction’ ?

A

Which components react
Equation

Q

Carbon Compounds: Organic Reactions

What is shown in a ‘Mechanism’ ?

A

Movement of electrons
↳ through curly arrows

Q

Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry

Nucleophile

(electron pair donors)

A

Something that donates electrons to something else

eg. H is donates electrons to O in OH

Q

Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry

What are Nucleophiles attracted to?

A

The C (δ+) in a polar bond

Q

Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry

What charge are Nucleophiles?

A

Often negatively charged
↳ contain a lone pair

Q

Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry

What is an Electrophile?

(electron pair acceptors)

A

Something that takes electrons from something else

Q

Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry

What charge are Electrophiles?

A

Often positively charged (H+)
↳ react w negative ions

Q

Carbon Compounds: Reagets in Organic Chemistry

What is a Radical?

A

Unpaired electron

Q

Carbon Compounds: Reagents in Organic Chemistry

How reactive are Radicals?

A

Very reactive
↳ can react w anything

Q

Carbon Compounds:

What are Isomers?

(usually branched)

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure

e.g Butane & 2-Methyl-Propane

Q

Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism

What is meant by the term ‘Chain Isomerism’?

A

When the carbon skeleton could be arranged differently

Q

Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism

Name an example of Chain Isomerism

A

Butane
2 Methyl-Propane

Q

Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism

What is meant by the term ‘Positional Isomerism’?

A

When the functional group could be the same but they’re attached to a different carbon atom

Q

Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism

Name an exmaple of Positional Isomerism

A

Butan-1-ol
Butan-2-ol

Q

Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism

What is meant by the term ‘Functional Group Isomerism’?

A

When the same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups

Q

Carbon Compounds: Structural Isomerism

Name an example of Functional Isomerism

A

Butanoic Acid
Methyl Propanoate

Q

Carbon Compounds: Cycloalkanes (Cycle)

What are Cycloalkanes?

A

Saturated HC that exist as ring structures

Q

Carbon Compounds: Bond Breaking (exo) in Organic Chemistry

What is meant by ‘Homolytic Fission’?

(homo = equal)

A

Bond breaks evenly, each atom receives 1 electron
↳ 2 radicals are formed
* Radicals wont react w anything else

Q

Carbon Compounds: Bond Breaking (exo) in Organic Chemistry

What is meant by ‘Heterolytic Fission’?

(hetero = different)

A

Bond breaks unevenly, 1 atom receives both electrons
↳ ions formed

Q

Carbon Compounds: Alkanes are Useful as Fuels

What’s the Complete Combustion of an Alkane?

A

Q

Carbon Compounds: Alkanes are Useful as Fuels

What’s the Incomplete Combustion of an Alkane?

A

Q

Carbon Compounds: Harmful Emissions

Name 2 Harmful Emissions

A

Carbon Monoxide
* Toxic
* Blacksmoke

Sulphur Dioxide + Oxides of Nitrogen
* Acid Rain

Q

Carbon Compounds: Catalytic Converters Remove Pollutants

What do cars have to reduce Car Emissions?

A

A platinum catalyst to remove particulates
↳ unreactive transition metal

Q

Carbon Compounds: Catalytic Converters Remove Pollutants

How do Catalytic Converters help remove Car Emissions?

A

Cars have Catalytic Converters that take (NOx) & (COx) & conmvert it to Nitrogen & Carbon Dioxide

Q

Carbon Compounds: Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable

Name 3 Fossil Fuels used

A

Coal
Oil
Gas

Q

Carbon Compounds: Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable

Why do we use Fossil Fuels?

(advantages)

A

They’re easily extracted
Produces lots of heat

Q

Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable sources

Why do we use Biofuels as alternatives to Fossil Fuels?

(advantages)

A

They’re made from living matter
Produce a lot of heat

Q

Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable sources

What is Bioethanol?

A

Ethanol made by fermantation of sugar
↳ from crops such as maize

Q

Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable Sources

What is Biodiesel?

A

Refining renewable fats & oil

e.g vegetable oil

Q

Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable sources

What is Biogas?

A

The breakdown of organic waste matter

Q

Carbon Compounds: Biofuels are made from Renewable sources

Why don’t we use Biofuels as car fuels?

A

Switching between the two means that car engine would require modification to use high ethanol concentration
↳ lots of crops will be needed to grow for fuels