Introduction to Carbon Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What are Hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that are made up of Hydrogen & Carbon

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2
Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What is meant by Homologous Series/Family?

A

When compounds have the same functional group but different carbon chain lengths

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3
Q

Carbon Compounds: Basics

What is a Functional Group?

A

Most reactive part of any compound
* carries out all reactions

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4
Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is meant by the term ‘Saturated Hydrocarbon’?

A

Compounds that only have single carbon bond

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5
Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is the Saturated HC positive test with Br water?

A

No change
↳ Br water remains orange

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6
Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is meant by the term ‘Unsaturated Hydrocarbon’

A

Compounds that contain at least 1 C=C bond

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7
Q

Carbon Compounds: Hydrocarbons

What is the Unsaturated HC positive test with Br water?

A

Goes from orange to colourless
↳ C=C bond is broken

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8
Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Alkanes

(General Formula)

A
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9
Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Alkenes

(General Formula)

A
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10
Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Seriees

Alcohols

(General Formula)

A
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11
Q

Carbon Compounds: Homologous Series

Reactivity Increases as you go down

A
  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alcohols
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12
Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Molecular Formula?

A

Ratio of atoms in an element within a compound

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13
Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is an Empirical Formula?

A

Smallest whole number ratio

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14
Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Displayed Formula?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged & all the bonds between them

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15
Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Structural Formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens & functional groups

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16
Q

Carbon Compounds: Formulas

What is a Skeletal Formula?

A

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups

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17
Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Methane

A

1

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18
Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Ethane

A

2

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19
Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Propane

A

3

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20
Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Butane

A

4

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21
Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Pentane

A

5

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22
Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Hexane

A

6

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23
Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Heptane

A

7

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24
Q

Carbon Compounds: Naming Compounds

Octane

A

8

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25
# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Methyl
26
# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Ethyl
27
# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Propyl
28
# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Butyl
29
# **Carbon Compounds:** Naming Compounds Duplications | (Used if there's a duplication of any side group)
* Mono (1) * Di (2) * Tri (3)
30
# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is an Addition Reaction? | (add 2 things)
The joining of two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule
31
# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is a Polymerisation Reaction? | (add with no waste)
Joining together lots of simple molecules to form a giant molecule
32
# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is an Elimination Reaction? | (remove)
When a small group of atoms break away from a larger molecule
33
# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is a Substitution Reaction? | (swapping)
When one species is replaced by another
34
# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is shown in a 'Reaction' ?
* Which components react * Equation
35
# **Carbon Compounds:** Organic Reactions What is shown in a 'Mechanism' ?
* Movement of electrons ↳ through curly arrows
36
# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry Nucleophile | (electron pair donors)
Something that donates electrons to something else | eg. H is donates electrons to O in OH
37
# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry What are Nucleophiles attracted to?
The C (δ+) in a polar bond
38
# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry What charge are Nucleophiles?
Often negatively charged ↳ contain a lone pair
39
# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry What is an Electrophile? | (electron pair acceptors)
Something that takes electrons from something else
40
# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry What charge are Electrophiles?
Often positively charged (H+) ↳ react w negative ions
41
# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagets in Organic Chemistry What is a Radical?
Unpaired electron
42
# **Carbon Compounds:** Reagents in Organic Chemistry How reactive are Radicals?
Very reactive ↳ can react w anything
43
# **Carbon Compounds:** What are Isomers? | (usually branched)
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure | e.g Butane & 2-Methyl-Propane
44
# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism What is meant by the term 'Chain Isomerism'?
When the carbon skeleton could be arranged differently
45
# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism Name an example of Chain Isomerism
* Butane * 2 Methyl-Propane
46
# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism What is meant by the term 'Positional Isomerism'?
When the functional group could be the same but they're attached to a different carbon atom
47
# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism Name an exmaple of Positional Isomerism
* Butan-1-ol * Butan-2-ol
48
# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism What is meant by the term 'Functional Group Isomerism'?
When the same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups
49
# **Carbon Compounds:** Structural Isomerism Name an example of Functional Isomerism
* Butanoic Acid * Methyl Propanoate
50
# **Carbon Compounds:** Cycloalkanes (Cycle) What are Cycloalkanes?
Saturated HC that exist as ring structures
51
# **Carbon Compounds:** Bond Breaking (exo) in Organic Chemistry What is meant by 'Homolytic Fission'? | (homo = equal)
Bond breaks evenly, each atom receives 1 electron ↳ 2 radicals are formed * Radicals wont react w anything else
52
# **Carbon Compounds:** Bond Breaking (exo) in Organic Chemistry What is meant by 'Heterolytic Fission'? | (hetero = different)
Bond breaks unevenly, 1 atom receives both electrons ↳ ions formed
53
# **Carbon Compounds:** Alkanes are Useful as Fuels What's the Complete Combustion of an Alkane?
54
# **Carbon Compounds:** Alkanes are Useful as Fuels What's the Incomplete Combustion of an Alkane?
55
# **Carbon Compounds:** Harmful Emissions Name 2 Harmful Emissions
***Carbon Monoxide*** * Toxic * Blacksmoke ***Sulphur Dioxide + Oxides of Nitrogen*** * Acid Rain
56
# **Carbon Compounds:** Catalytic Converters Remove Pollutants What do cars have to reduce Car Emissions?
A platinum catalyst to remove particulates ↳ unreactive transition metal
57
# **Carbon Compounds:** Catalytic Converters Remove Pollutants How do Catalytic Converters help remove Car Emissions?
Cars have Catalytic Converters that take (NOx) & (COx) & conmvert it to Nitrogen & Carbon Dioxide
58
# **Carbon Compounds:** Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable Name 3 Fossil Fuels used
* Coal * Oil * Gas
59
# **Carbon Compounds:** Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable Why do we use Fossil Fuels? | (advantages)
* They're easily extracted * Produces lots of heat
60
# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable sources Why do we use Biofuels as alternatives to Fossil Fuels? | (advantages)
* They're made from living matter * Produce a lot of heat
61
# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable sources What is Bioethanol?
Ethanol made by fermantation of sugar ↳ from crops such as maize
62
# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable Sources What is Biodiesel?
Refining renewable fats & oil ## Footnote e.g vegetable oil
63
# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable sources What is Biogas?
The breakdown of organic waste matter
64
# **Carbon Compounds:** Biofuels are made from Renewable sources Why don't we use Biofuels as car fuels?
Switching between the two means that car engine would require modification to use high ethanol concentration ↳ lots of crops will be needed to grow for fuels