Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids

Question 1

Name the reactions of alcohols

Answer 1

Elimination/Dehydration
Addition/Hydration
Ethanol Production
Oxidation to produce a carboxylic acid

Question 2

Name the reactions of carboxylic acids

Answer 2

Esterification
Reactions with a carbonate
Reactions with a base
Reactions with a metal

Question 2

What are the conditions required for esterification to occur?

Answer 2

Sulfuric acid(H2SO4) Catalyst
Reflux

Question 3

What are the products of esterification?

Answer 3

Ester and Water(H20)

Question 4

What are the reactants of esterification?

Answer 4

Alcohol and carboxylic acid

Question 5

What are the conditions required for the oxidation of alcohols?

Answer 5

Heated acidified Potassium dichromate (Cr2O7-)

Question 6

What is produced from the oxidation of a primary alcohol?

Answer 6

Primary alcohol-aldehyde-carboxylic acid

Question 7

What is produced from the oxidation of a secondary alcohol?

Answer 7

Secondary alcohol-ketone

Question 8

Describe the test for primary and secondary alcohols

Answer 8

1.Add acidified potassium dichromate to a sample of alcohol.
2. Orange to green colour change if the smaple if primary or secondary

Question 9

Describe the test for carboxylic acids?

Answer 9

1. Add NaHCO3or Na2CO3 to a sample.
2. This will produce a gas that can be collected and bubbled through limewater.
   3.Lime water will turn cloudy if CO2 is present showing that the sample solution was a carboxylic acid.

Question 10

Describe the production of ethanol in industry

Answer 10

1.Electrophilic substituition

Question 11

Describe the production of ethanol from fermentation

Answer 11

1.Sugar is dissolved in water with a yeast catalyst and left in a warm enviroment
2. Ethanol can be removed from the solution via fractional distillation at 80C.

Question 12

What are the conditions required for the production of ethanol in industry?

Answer 12

Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) Catalyst
300C
60atm
In steam

Question 13

What are the conditions required for the production of ethanol from fermentation?

Answer 13

Yeast Enzyme
37C
In sugar
Anaerobic conditions

Question 14

What are the advantages of biofuels?

Answer 14

*Renewable
*Carbon Neutral

Question 15

What are the disadvantages of biofuels?

Answer 15

*Land use for crops
*Deforestation for land area
*Use of fertilisers leading to water pollution
*Carbon Neutrality?- Fuel is used to transport materials, build factories etc.

Question 16

What are the uses of alcohols?

Answer 16

*Solvent
*Biofuel
*Methanol is used as a pretol additive as it improves the combustion process and acts as a feed stock in the production of organic chemicals.
*alcoholic drinks

Question 17

What are the conditions required for an elimination reaction to occur?

Answer 17

Phosphoric acid(H3PO4) Catalyst
300C+

Question 18

What are the conditions required for an Addition/Hydration reaction to occur?

Answer 18

Phosphoric acid(H3PO4) Catalyst
300C+
High pressures

Question 19

Define miscibility

Answer 19

Miscibility refers to the ability of two or more substances to mix in all proportions to form a homogeneous solution (a single phase) without separating or forming distinct layers.

Question 20

What is the equation of the fermentation process?

Answer 20

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Question 21

Define primary alcohols

Answer 21

-OH group joined to a carbon that is itself attached to no other or one
other carbon.

Question 21

Define secondary alcohols

Answer 21

-OH group joined to a carbon that is itself attached to 2 other carbon atoms

Question 22

Define tertiary alcohols

Answer 22

-OH group jointed to a carbon that is itself joined to three other carbon
atoms.

Question 23

Define volatility

Answer 23

tendency of a substance to evaporate

Question 23

Define biofuels

Answer 23

Biofuels are fuels derived from renewable biological sources, like plants, algae, or animal waste.

Question 24

What are the products formed when a carboxylic acid reactions with a base?

Answer 24

A salt and water(H2O)

Question 25

What are the products formed when a carboxylic acid reactions with a carbonate?

Answer 25

A salt, water(H2O) and carbon dioxide(CO2)

Question 26

Describe a test for aldehydes/ketones

Answer 26

1.Dissolve in ethanol and then add 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine. 2. Shake well 3. If positive a orange/yellow/red precipitate will form.