ALE KEY POINTS

Question 1

popularized in the 19th century, posits that extraordinary individuals possess inherent traits that make them natural leaders

Answer 1

Great man theory

Question 2

It suggests that leaders are born, not made, and their exceptional qualities set them apart from the rest of society.

Answer 2

Great man theory

Question 3

While historically influential, the theory has been criticized for its lack of ___ and ___

Answer 3

lack of empirical evidence and oversimplification of leadership dynamics.

Question 4

argue that it overlooks the importance of contextual factors and the role of followership in shaping leadership outcomes.

Answer 4

Critics

Question 5

suggests that certain inherent characteristics or traits differentiate effective leaders from non-leaders.

Answer 5

Trait theory of leadership

Question 6

have identified various traits such as intelligence, charisma, confidence, and decisiveness as indicative of leadership potential.

Answer 6

Scholars

Question 7

Scholars have identified various traits such as

Answer 7

intelligence, charisma, confidence, and decisiveness

Question 8

Scholars have identified various traits such as intelligence, charisma, confidence, and decisiveness as

Answer 8

indicative of leadership potential.

Question 9

refers to a transitional period between two leadership regimes,

Answer 9

Interregnum period

Question 10

The interregnum period refers to a transitional period between two leadership regimes, often marked by

Answer 10

uncertainty and instability.

Question 11

During such periods, power vacuums emerge, leading to political, social, and sometimes economic turbulence.

Answer 11

Interregnum period

Question 12

a foundational concept in social sciences, examines the mechanisms through which individuals or groups exert influence over others.

Answer 12

Power theory

Question 13

Power theory encompasses various perspectives,

Answer 13

structural, relational, and psychological dimensions of power.

Question 14

Scholars such that have contributed to the rich tapestry of power theory, offering insights into its manifestations and effects on society.

Answer 14

Max Weber, Michel Foucault, and Hannah Arendt

Question 15

emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the limitations of trait theories.

Answer 15

Behavioral leadership theories

Question 16

Notable figures that pioneered this approach, shifting the focus from inherent traits to observable behaviors.

Answer 16

Kurt Lewin, Douglas McGregor, and Chris Argyris

Question 17

leadership styles and group dynamics laid the foundation for behavioral theories, emphasizing the importance of democratic leadership and participative decision-making.

Answer 17

Lewin’s research

Question 18

explored how different management attitudes influence employee motivation and productivity.

Answer 18

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

Question 19

traces its origins to the 1960s with the pioneering work of Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. Initially proposed as the “Life Cycle Theory of Leadership,”

Answer 19

Situational leadership theory

Question 20

The theory posits that effective leadership depends on the readiness level of followers, which encompasses their ability and willingness to perform a task.

Answer 20

SLT

Question 21

emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a response to the perceived limitations of earlier leadership theories.

Answer 21

Contingency leadership theories

Question 22

Notable scholars that were instrumental in developing the Contingency leadership theories

Answer 22

Fred Fiedler and Paul Hersey

Question 23

proposed that the effectiveness of a leader depends on the match between their leadership style and the situation.

Answer 23

Fiedler’s Contingency Model

Question 24

further expanded on this idea, emphasizing the importance of adapting leadership styles to the readiness level of followers.

Answer 24

Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory

Question 25

Originated in the 1970s, pioneered by Robert House as an extension of earlier contingency theories.

Answer 25

Path goal leadership theories

Question 26

also known as Prescriptive Leadership Theories, emerged in the late 20th century as a response to the limitations of descriptive theories.

Answer 26

Normative leadership theories

Question 27

Notable scholars such as ___ were instrumental in developing these theories. (normative)

Answer 27

Victor Vroom and Philip Yetton

Question 28

proposed a systematic approach for leaders to determine the most appropriate decision-making style based on situational factors and the degree of follower

Answer 28

Vroom and Yetton’s Normative Decision Model

Question 29

emerged in the late 20th century, with James MacGregor Burns laying the groundwork in his seminal work “Leadership” in 1978.

Answer 29

Transformational leadership theory

Question 30

highlighted the distinction between transactional and transformational leadership, emphasizing the latter’s ability to inspire and motivate followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes.

Answer 30

Burns

Question 31

a style of leadership where the leader possesses exceptional qualities that inspire devotion, loyalty, and enthusiasm among followers.

Answer 31

Charismatic leadership

Question 32

are often characterized by their ability to articulate a compelling vision, demonstrate confidence and conviction, and exhibit strong interpersonal skills.

Answer 32

Charismatic leaders

Question 33

has roots dating back to ancient civilizations, but it gained modern prominence in the 20th century through the work of ___

Answer 33

Servant leadership
Robert Greenleaf

Question 34

proposed a leadership philosophy centered on serving others rather than accumulating power or prestige.

Answer 34

“The Servant as Leader,”

Question 35

identified two types of traits relevant to leadership:

Answer 35

Jenkins

Question 36

two types of traits relevant to leadership:

Answer 36

emergent traits and effectiveness traits.

Question 37

those primarily determined by heredity and include characteristics such as height, intelligence, attractiveness, and self-confidence.

Answer 37

Emergent

Question 38

considered fundamental components of leadership but are based more on experience or learning rather than heredity.

Answer 38

Effectiveness traits

Question 39

one example of an effectiveness trait highlighted by Jenkins.

Answer 39

Charisma