Alex- Infancy

Question 1

Main historical view

Answer 1

William james 1891: baby assailed by ears, eyes, nose, skin feels everything as one great blooming buzzing confusion

Question 2

Experimental techniques

Answer 2

Cannot do mri or self report. Reflexes: stroke cheek move to side, sucking, grasping, Moro reflex, some go away but some like coughing stay. Can use spontaneous visual preference, habituation, violation of expectation, preferential sucking, eye tracking and physiological

Question 3

What infants see

Answer 3

Acuity means sharpness and accommodation is focus
Babies have visual acuity if 1/30th level of adults and have poor control over accommodation (need to be close)
Both improve rapidly over first 6 months

Question 4

Spontaneous visual preference

Answer 4

Measure time as more looking at novel stim in looking chamber.. fantz 63: infants prefer faces at 5 days. Bush bell: 12 hours old prefer mothers face to strangers (could be smell or movement). Salapatek 75: at 1 month scan adages of face and at 2 months more central. Langois and slayer- prefer attractive chi,Eric faces as more prototypical as 2mn look longer

Question 5

Habituation

Answer 5

Sokolov 1963: adults looked longer at unfamiliar adult face, 6mb preferred novel and novel monkey face but 9mn same as adults: due to synaptic pruning and perceptual narrowing . Bushnell 84: mothers habituated baby to a shape and colour for 2 wks and could recognise diff shapes and colours.

Question 6

Habitation as diagnosis

Answer 6

Birth difficulties can result in slower habitation. Early habitation predicts later iq up to 10 years bornstein. Visual recognition memory (degree of preference for new) predicts iq at 11 rose

Question 7

Unexpected event and violation definitions

Answer 7

Infants see test trials of moving objects and show surprise at impossible event by longer looking, increased hr. violation of expectation shows infants are budding scientists spelke 94 as aware of gravity

Question 8

Unexpected/violation examples

Answer 8

Baillargeon 1993: cube moved along blocks them shown impossible events where cube keeps going off end- infants look longer at event at 7 but not 5 months spelke. Baillargeon: infant sees roasted flap but then blocked or not by a cube. At 3 months look more at impossible (object permanence) disputes piaget . Older babies not surprised as thought 2ndolls were used so when shown 1 were surprised

Question 9

Weaknesses

Answer 9

Comparing adults and babies using diff measures, perceptual vc conceptual novelty as tests senses not higher cog. Spelke is nativist and haith is challenger

Question 10

High amplitude sucking

Answer 10

Dummy connected to pressure transducer and when reaches level, noise sounded. Eimas 71: 2 months old can discriminate phonemes bat and oat. Khul 6-8mn in Japan can tell rna from la but adults can’t-pruning. Decamped and fifer: newborns prefer mothers voice and preference for stores heard in womb

Question 11

ECG

Answer 11

Measures hr, falls W decreased attention . Can measure foetal hr, respond to sounds at 12 weeks hepper. Can be combined. High density event related potentials: geodesic net pick up electrical changes. Show wide activation when see face but adults more focused (pruning)

Question 12

Orientations

Answer 12

Slater 88: newborns can discriminate line orientation as 4mn see angular relations but 6wks don’t but do show dishabutaion. Infants look longer at separate parts not while rod so have object unity. See image if not there if suggested by other shapes so have subjective contours.

Question 13

Dannielle lierow

Answer 13

When key socialisation is missed, irreversbale. Found in cupboard severely neglected. Had iq age of 6-24m

Question 14

Evolutionary perspective of the social baby

Answer 14

Survival depends on proximity to caregiver. Harlow: infants like cuddles, can follow adults so use social signals. Bowlby: balance between exploration and proximity. Spandrels: possible for traits to have to bio functions/just side effect

Question 15

Kewpie/neotenous feature

Answer 15

Anecdotally, animals care for others babies. Caria: bio mechanisms underlying caring for young -pre motor cortex and reward circuit activated for non human babies. When cars made to look cute, ppl preferred meisler

Question 16

Parent infant interaction

Answer 16

For exploitation, learning, needs, protection. Before 1m, smiles are reflexive then W adults in response to pleasing or surprising stim, high voice, face and voice, smiling and parent attention. 8-10m smile anticipatory/socially to communicate funny. AIDS bindings are parents like more time once they smile newson. Nannies in womb make facial expressions in gestalt (range)

Question 17

Self conscious emotions

Answer 17

Need knowledge and interactions for complex emotions but not primary. Lewis said self consc starts age 3-cog attributions model dev of self- emotion depends on cog abilities as sense of self. Rouge/MSR test past then show empathy kohler, infants who showed embarrassment showed red of self. Only pass 15-24m, control W seethrough mark. W: theory driven, some v young pass

Question 18

Coy smile

Answer 18

Feelings between pleasure and aversion during social interaction like shyness. In 2-4m following attention from others in mirror-disputes mirror. Draghi: perceived as shy or embarrassed by naive adults. Colonesi: found mirror increases cog smiling, the most W stranger so not self id

Question 19

Jealousy

Answer 19

At 6m, greater - when mother + toward doll vs book. Piaget 8m jealousy seen when others take mother attention. Mize at 9m EEG shows jealousy

Question 20

Discriminating social expressions

Answer 20

36hrs old can discrim emotions from live model and imitated field. Hepach: infants saw vids of actor and measured pupil dilation- older 14m surprised by incongruent, under 10m not

Question 21

Crying

Answer 21

Schaffer: mothers I’d 3 types: basic starts and builds up, angry has phases of diff lengths and pain is sudden long, loud and hold breath. Can just be regulating homeostasis by releasing tension brazelton. Barr: crying highest at 6 wks and in chimps?. Ainsworth! In non west who not allowed to cry don’t have any - effects.

Question 22

Imitation

Answer 22

Piaget said not until 8m, newborns few minutes old imitate. Oostenroek: under 2m just as likely to produce gestures in control /non face equivalence

Question 23

Protoconvos

Answer 23

Infants join rhythmic protoconvos exchanges from birth Bateson. From 6wks, orientate to eyes and turn take. Coordinate coos, lol and tongue move, gesture

Question 24

Still face and social referencing

Answer 24

Tronich: 2m show disturbance by gaze warily, smile and sobering, look away. Murray and trevarthern: 2m saw vid, disengaged, looked away, distress. SR: looks to mother get info in uncertain. At 1, + to stranger if mother +. If mother smiling other side of visual diff, they cross but don’t if not