Alexander III Counter Reforms and Reforms Flashcards
(31 cards)
What were the main counter-reforms in Central Gov and internal security under Alex III
- Formation of Okhrana
- Law on Exceptional Measures (1881)
-
Statue on Police Surveillance (1882)
- Defeat of constitutional reforms ; no intention of completing ‘great reforms’
What was the Law on Exceptional Measures (1881)
introduced right to appoint Commander-in-Chief who could :
- set up military courts
- arrest people
- supress publications
The law utilised in some place until 1917 revolution
What was the Statute on Police Surveillance (1882)
any area if Empire could be deemed ‘area of subversion’:
arrest,detain,imprison exile any suspects or related peoples
What were the counter reforms in Local Government
- Volost justice of peace abolished; Introduced Land Captain
- Zemstva Act (1890)
What was the Land Captain
A new officer, from the nobility, that took the responsiblity from the Justice of Peace
Resented for corruption and constant interference
What was the Zemstva Act (1890)
Determined by 3 electoral colleges that was dominated by landowners; led to increase in intellgenstia and slow improvements
electorate st petersburg 21,000 → 7,000
What were the counter-reforms in Education
- University Statute (1884)
- Increasing Uni + Gymnazii fees (1887)
- Church regained control over primary schools
- 1886 no women allowed
What was the University Statute (1884)
Established state control over appointing deans and lectors
How did increasing Uni/Gymnazii fees affect the % of nobility in gymnazii from 1892-5
1892 - 1895
47% - 56%
What did Delianov ‘Cooks Ciricular’ of 1887 state about children of non-noble status
state secondary school should exclude ‘children of coachmen,servants,cooks,washermen,small shopkeepers and persons of similar type’
What were the main judiciary counter reforms
- Could hold a trial in camera to protect ‘the dignity of state power’ (1887)
- Crimes against state officials were to be held in special courts w/o jury (1889)
- Judges became liable to dismisal
What were the main counter reforms to Religion
(1883) Dissenters not allowed to :
build new CoW, wear religious clothing, engage in religious propoganda
What Social Reforms ( gains by peasants/nobles ) were introduced by Alexander III
1881 - law to end ‘temporary obligation’
1883 - Peasant’s Land Bank gave peasants cheap credit
Abolition of Poll tax and right to appeal to higher courts
1885 - Nobles Land Bank
What were the social reforms ( gains to workers ) by Alexander III
1882- child labour regulated
1882-90 compulsory education for young factory children
factory inspectors appointed to enforce legislation
What were the social reforms to factory workers limited by
- Population increase
- corruption
- poor living conditions around industry; large sleeping halls with flith + immorality commonplace
What was the average life expectancy in 1897
32 Yearss
What were the reforms to religion by Alexander III
1883 - Dissenters allowed to :
have passports, engage in industrial/commercial activity and hold religious meetings at home
- priests were paid a salary by the state
What were the main causes of Alexander II’s reactionary period in the second half of his reign
- Death of eldest son
- Sought mistress Dolgoroukoua (Katya)
- surviving 4 assassination attempts
Who were Alexander II’s appointments in his reactionary period
- Dmitri Tolstoy; Minister for Education
- Pytor Shuvalov: head of 3rd Section
- Konstantin Pahlen: Minister of Justice
- Alexander Timoshev: Minister of Internal Affairs
What reforms did Dmitri Tolstoy intoduce under Alex. II in education
- removed liberal,critical thought type courses
- Right to veto appointments
- State teacher training college
- over 500 private school shut
What counter reforms did Pahlen (judicial) and Shuvalov (3rd Section) introduce under Alex. II
- 1879: creation of new gov. generals with emergency powers
- Track down radicals in Switzerland and Germany
- Held ‘open show’ trials, until it backfired
What was the ‘Trial of 193’ (1877-78)
A sympathetic jury acquitted 153 of 193 defendants with the lawyers speeches printed in the press
Why was the 1880’s a time of political crisis in Russia
- Russo-Turkish War (1887-8)
- famine in countryside
- industrial recession
Why did Alexander II think to widen democratic consultation
to curb violence and unrest
